Chapter 21

Question 1

industrialization, drove changes in

Answer 1

1. labor practices
2. economic ideologies
3. emergences a new working working class of people
4. the mass migration of laborers to the urban centers

Question 2

led to the key inventions which drove the development of the industrial revolution

Answer 2

textile industry

Question 3

a scottish engineer, developed an efficient steam engine in 1776

Answer 3

james watt

Question 4

england became the first site of the industrial revolution for 3 key factors

Answer 4

•private investment capital form overseas trade and commercial profits
•access to raw materials, namely cotton
•necessary natural resources at home such as coal and iron

Question 5

working class refers to

Answer 5

laborers in new factories

Question 6

labor union goals will always be

Answer 6

•safe and sanitary working conditions
•a decent wage
•standard work week

Question 7

urbanization

Answer 7

the growth of towns and cities due to the movement of people from rural to urban areas

Question 8

because people did not understand the causes of cholera and typhus epidemics

Answer 8

authorities in most europeans countries set up public health agencies to coordinate and study sanitation conditions in cities

Question 9

in the 1830’s cities half the populations depended on what to make ends meet

Answer 9

public welfare, charity, criminality

Question 10

charles dickens book reflect the difficult times

Answer 10

•oliver twist
•a christmas carol

Question 11

reformers depicted the lower classes as

Answer 11

“drunken disorderly and dangerously lacking in sexual self-control”

Question 12

a coherent set of beliefs about the key the social and political order should be organized

Answer 12

ideology

Question 13

a people derive their identities from their nations, the most potent of all the new ideologies

Answer 13

nationalism

Question 14

socialism

Answer 14

social political and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources essential to society

Question 15

an ideology that advocates for the

Answer 15

elimination abolition of private property in favor of communal ownership

Question 16

in 1848 publish the communist manifesto

Answer 16

karl marx and friedrich engles

Question 17

according to marx class inequality (the means of production)

Answer 17

the haves versus the have nots

Question 18

marx and engle envisioned workers

Answer 18

taking over the means of production and the eventual development of a communist state

Question 19

charles darwin, english naturalist in 1859

Answer 19

on the origin of species

Question 20

primary mechanism of evolution

Answer 20

natural selection

Question 21

darwin’s theory primarily applies to

Answer 21

plants and animals

Question 22

theory, whole heartedly embraced it as undisputed fact

Answer 22

the academically elite

Question 23

without what would morality is now more fluid

Answer 23

absolutes of christianity

Question 24

the revolutions of 1848

Answer 24

food shortages, overpopulation, and unemployment

Question 25

1 million died of starvation or diseases another 2 million immigrated to england, canada, and the united states

Answer 25

ireland

Question 26

the new french republican government immediately issued several reforms

Answer 26

•end to the death penalty for political crimes •abolished slavery in the colonies •freedom of press •universal male suffrage

Question 27

most importantly

Answer 27

first presidential election in french history

Question 28

in france’s presidential election

Answer 28

louis-napoleon bonaparte

Question 29

for germans the goal of what took precedence over social reform or constitutional changes

Answer 29

Unification

Question 30

the revolutions of 1848 brought to the surface the profound tensions within a european society in transition toward

Answer 30

industrialization and urbanization

Question 31

Karl Marx central argument

Answer 31

Class struggle