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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 9 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers that help regulate body activities

A

hormones

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2
Q

Study of the endocrine system

A

endocrinology

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3
Q

Neurons that are important links between the nervous and endocrine system

A

neuroendocrine cells

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4
Q

Helps regulate growth and reproduction; works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis

A

endocrine system

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5
Q

Specific cells on which hormones act

A

target cells

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6
Q

Release secretions into ducts; sweat glands

A

exocrine glands

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7
Q

Has no ducts; release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid (tissue) or blood

A

endocrine glands

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8
Q

Produced by neuroendocrine cells; transported down axons and released into interstitial fluid

A

neurohormone

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9
Q

Closely related group of lipids; interact with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities

A

prostaglandins

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10
Q

_______ depends on normal concentrations or hormones in the blood and tissue

A

homeostasis

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11
Q

What system regulates hormone secretion, neuroendocrine regulation, and biological rhythms

A

negative feedback system

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12
Q

What gland regulates the calcium concentration in the blood

A

parathyroid glands

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13
Q

What regulation involves action of both the nervous and endocrine systems

A

neuroendocrine system

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14
Q

What regulates hormones such as the adrenal hormone cortisol

A

biological rhythms

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15
Q

What is secreted in the circadian rhythms

A

cortisol

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16
Q

When is cortisol concentration the highest

A

in the morning and decreases throughout the day

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17
Q

What gland decreases its hormone output to abnormally low levels, which deprives target cells of needed stimulation

A

hyposecretion

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18
Q

What gland increases its output to abnormally high levels, overstimulating target cells

A

hypersecretion

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19
Q

They activate genes

A

steroid hormone

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20
Q

Typically needed for activation of protein hormones

A

second messenger

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21
Q

Hormone that turns a system on

A

first messenger

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22
Q

Receptor protein associated with the plasma membrane

A

G Protien

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23
Q

Specialized proteins; some bind with hormone molecules

A

receptors

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24
Q

A common second messenger

A

cyclic AMP

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25
Q

Protein that binds calcium ions, and then changes shape and can activate enzymes that regulate certain cell processes

A

calmodulin

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26
Q

What gland does the hypothalamus regulate

A

pituitary

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27
Q

The hypothalamus secretes what neurohormones

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

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28
Q

The hypothalamus also secretes releasing hormones and ________, which regulate secretion of several pituitary hormones

A

inhibiting hormones

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29
Q

How many distinct hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland

A

7

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30
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones

A

posterior lobe

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31
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary secretes what hormones

A

oxytocin and anrtidiuretic hormones (ADH)

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32
Q

What does ADH indirectly help with

A

blood pressure

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33
Q

What does ADH do

A

regulates fluid balance in the body, by helping the body conserve water in the kidneys

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34
Q

ADH deficiency can lead to a metabolic disorder, in which enormous quantities of dilute urine may be excreted causing serious dehydration.

A

diabetes insipidus

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35
Q

What part of the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, prolactin, and several tropic hormones

A

anterior lobe

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36
Q

Each anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by ______ which is produced in the hyporthalamus

A

releasing hormone

37
Q

The neurohormones enter capillaries and pass through _________ that connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary lobe

A

portal veins

38
Q

Portal veins do not deliver blood to larger veins directly but instead connect two sets of ________

A

capillaries

39
Q

Releasing and inhibiting hormones pass through capillaries to _______ tissue

A

anterior lobe

40
Q

Stimulates cells of the mammary glands to secrete milk during lactation

A

prolactin

41
Q

Promotes growth of the skeleton and stimulate general tissue growth by promoting protein synthesis

A

somatomedins

42
Q

Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating

43
Q

Condition of abnormally tall person due to excess secretion of GH during childhood

A

gigantism

44
Q

Tropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex

A

adrenocorticotropic

45
Q

Condition resulting from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood; characterized by enlarged extremities and face

A

acromegaly

46
Q

somatomedin peptide growth factors

A

insulin-like

47
Q

Follicle stimulating and lutinizing tropic hormones that control gonad activities

A

gonadotropic

48
Q

Stimulates body growth mainly by stimulating protein synthesis; somatotropin

A

growth hormone

49
Q

Small person who’s pituitary gland did not produce enough GH during childhood

A

pituitary dwarf

50
Q

The thyroid gland secretes what two thyroid hormones and _______

A

calcitonin

51
Q

What hormones and essential for normal growth and development

A

thyroid hormones

52
Q

What increase metabolic rate in most tissues

A

thyroid hormones

53
Q

What are the two other thyroid hormones called

A

(T3) - triiodothyronine

(T4) - thyroxine

54
Q

What regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends on a negative feedback system

A

pituitary and thyroid glands

55
Q

What pituitary secretes TSH, which promotes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

A

anterior pituirtary

56
Q

When is more TSH secreted

A

when the normal concentration of thyroid hormones decreases

57
Q

Extreme hypothyroidism in childhood results in a low metabolic rate and retarded mental and physical development

A

cretinism

58
Q

What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland called associated with hypersecretion and hyposecretion

A

goiter

59
Q

Hormone; small protein that regulates calcium level of blood and tissue fluid

A

parathyroid

60
Q

Hormone that inhibits removal of calcium from bone

A

calcitonin

61
Q

Parathyroid glands are regulated by the concentration of this

A

calcium

62
Q

Embedded in connective tissue surrounding the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

63
Q

Muscle spasm condition caused by low calcium levels due to low PTH secretion

A

tetany

64
Q

The pancreas contains over 1 million of these clustered cells

A

islets

65
Q

Beta cells produce_______ they encompass about 70% of islet cells

A

insulin

66
Q

Alpha cells secrete ________

A

glucagon

67
Q

What lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood and stimulates cells of many tissues. It takes up glucose from the blood

A

insulin

68
Q

What increases the blood glucose level, by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose

A

glucagon

69
Q

Insulin and Glucagon work ANTAGONISTICALLY through _________system, to keep blood glucose within normal limits

A

negative feedback system

70
Q

_________is the main disorder associated with pancreatic hormones

A

diabetes mellitus

71
Q

Insulin dependent diabetes, which cells of the immune system kill its own beta cells

A

Type 1

72
Q

Non-insulin dependent/insulin resistance

A

Type 2

73
Q

Glucose is excreted by what

A

urine

74
Q

Main glucocorticoid; also called hydrocortisone

A

cortisol

75
Q

Secretes three different types of steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

76
Q

Paired glands; small yellow masses of tissue located above the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

77
Q

adrenal cortex secretes these in both sexes

A

sex hormones

78
Q

Emergency gland of the body; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Adrenal Medulla

79
Q

Help body cope with stress; promote glucose production; reduce inflammation

A

glucocorticoids

80
Q

Principal mineralocorticoid; maintains homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions

A

aldosterone

81
Q

Help regulate water and salt balance

A

mineralocorticoids

82
Q

Female sex hormones

A

estrogen

83
Q

Male sex hormones

A

androgen

84
Q

Stress stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete

A

corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

85
Q

ACTH regulates what two secretions

A

glucocorticoids and aldosterone

86
Q

When blood glucose concentration rises above 50% above normal causes ________

A

adrenal diabetes

87
Q

What disease develops with abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids are present

A

cushings disease

88
Q

What threaten homeostasis

A

stressors

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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