Chapter 9 - Workbook Flashcards
Chemical messengers that help regulate body activities
hormones
Study of the endocrine system
endocrinology
Neurons that are important links between the nervous and endocrine system
neuroendocrine cells
Helps regulate growth and reproduction; works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
endocrine system
Specific cells on which hormones act
target cells
Release secretions into ducts; sweat glands
exocrine glands
Has no ducts; release hormones into surrounding interstitial fluid (tissue) or blood
endocrine glands
Produced by neuroendocrine cells; transported down axons and released into interstitial fluid
neurohormone
Closely related group of lipids; interact with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities
prostaglandins
_______ depends on normal concentrations or hormones in the blood and tissue
homeostasis
What system regulates hormone secretion, neuroendocrine regulation, and biological rhythms
negative feedback system
What gland regulates the calcium concentration in the blood
parathyroid glands
What regulation involves action of both the nervous and endocrine systems
neuroendocrine system
What regulates hormones such as the adrenal hormone cortisol
biological rhythms
What is secreted in the circadian rhythms
cortisol
When is cortisol concentration the highest
in the morning and decreases throughout the day
What gland decreases its hormone output to abnormally low levels, which deprives target cells of needed stimulation
hyposecretion
What gland increases its output to abnormally high levels, overstimulating target cells
hypersecretion
They activate genes
steroid hormone
Typically needed for activation of protein hormones
second messenger
Hormone that turns a system on
first messenger
Receptor protein associated with the plasma membrane
G Protien
Specialized proteins; some bind with hormone molecules
receptors
A common second messenger
cyclic AMP
Protein that binds calcium ions, and then changes shape and can activate enzymes that regulate certain cell processes
calmodulin
What gland does the hypothalamus regulate
pituitary
The hypothalamus secretes what neurohormones
oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
The hypothalamus also secretes releasing hormones and ________, which regulate secretion of several pituitary hormones
inhibiting hormones
How many distinct hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland
7
What lobe of the pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones
posterior lobe
The posterior lobe of the pituitary secretes what hormones
oxytocin and anrtidiuretic hormones (ADH)
What does ADH indirectly help with
blood pressure
What does ADH do
regulates fluid balance in the body, by helping the body conserve water in the kidneys
ADH deficiency can lead to a metabolic disorder, in which enormous quantities of dilute urine may be excreted causing serious dehydration.
diabetes insipidus
What part of the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone, prolactin, and several tropic hormones
anterior lobe
Each anterior pituitary hormone is regulated by ______ which is produced in the hyporthalamus
releasing hormone
The neurohormones enter capillaries and pass through _________ that connect the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary lobe
portal veins
Portal veins do not deliver blood to larger veins directly but instead connect two sets of ________
capillaries
Releasing and inhibiting hormones pass through capillaries to _______ tissue
anterior lobe
Stimulates cells of the mammary glands to secrete milk during lactation
prolactin
Promotes growth of the skeleton and stimulate general tissue growth by promoting protein synthesis
somatomedins
Tropic hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating
Condition of abnormally tall person due to excess secretion of GH during childhood
gigantism
Tropic hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic
Condition resulting from hypersecretion of GH during adulthood; characterized by enlarged extremities and face
acromegaly
somatomedin peptide growth factors
insulin-like
Follicle stimulating and lutinizing tropic hormones that control gonad activities
gonadotropic
Stimulates body growth mainly by stimulating protein synthesis; somatotropin
growth hormone
Small person who’s pituitary gland did not produce enough GH during childhood
pituitary dwarf
The thyroid gland secretes what two thyroid hormones and _______
calcitonin
What hormones and essential for normal growth and development
thyroid hormones
What increase metabolic rate in most tissues
thyroid hormones
What are the two other thyroid hormones called
(T3) - triiodothyronine
(T4) - thyroxine
What regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends on a negative feedback system
pituitary and thyroid glands
What pituitary secretes TSH, which promotes synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
anterior pituirtary
When is more TSH secreted
when the normal concentration of thyroid hormones decreases
Extreme hypothyroidism in childhood results in a low metabolic rate and retarded mental and physical development
cretinism
What is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland called associated with hypersecretion and hyposecretion
goiter
Hormone; small protein that regulates calcium level of blood and tissue fluid
parathyroid
Hormone that inhibits removal of calcium from bone
calcitonin
Parathyroid glands are regulated by the concentration of this
calcium
Embedded in connective tissue surrounding the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
Muscle spasm condition caused by low calcium levels due to low PTH secretion
tetany
The pancreas contains over 1 million of these clustered cells
islets
Beta cells produce_______ they encompass about 70% of islet cells
insulin
Alpha cells secrete ________
glucagon
What lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood and stimulates cells of many tissues. It takes up glucose from the blood
insulin
What increases the blood glucose level, by stimulating liver cells to convert glycogen to glucose
glucagon
Insulin and Glucagon work ANTAGONISTICALLY through _________system, to keep blood glucose within normal limits
negative feedback system
_________is the main disorder associated with pancreatic hormones
diabetes mellitus
Insulin dependent diabetes, which cells of the immune system kill its own beta cells
Type 1
Non-insulin dependent/insulin resistance
Type 2
Glucose is excreted by what
urine
Main glucocorticoid; also called hydrocortisone
cortisol
Secretes three different types of steroid hormones
adrenal cortex
Paired glands; small yellow masses of tissue located above the kidneys
adrenal glands
adrenal cortex secretes these in both sexes
sex hormones
Emergency gland of the body; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla
Help body cope with stress; promote glucose production; reduce inflammation
glucocorticoids
Principal mineralocorticoid; maintains homeostasis of sodium and potassium ions
aldosterone
Help regulate water and salt balance
mineralocorticoids
Female sex hormones
estrogen
Male sex hormones
androgen
Stress stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete
corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)
ACTH regulates what two secretions
glucocorticoids and aldosterone
When blood glucose concentration rises above 50% above normal causes ________
adrenal diabetes
What disease develops with abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids are present
cushings disease
What threaten homeostasis
stressors
