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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 6 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the nervous system is made up of sensory receptors and nerves?

A

Peripheral

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2
Q

Which sensory receptors and nerves regulate the internal environment?

A

Autonomic sensory receptors

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3
Q

What is another name for motor nerves?

A

Efferent nerves

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4
Q

Which nerves transmit information from the CNS to structures that must respond?

A

Efferent nerves

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5
Q

Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central nervous system

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6
Q

Which nerves link the brain with sensory receptors and other parts of the body?

A

Cranial nerves

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7
Q

Which sensory receptors and nerves are concerned with the changes in the outside environment?

A

Somatic sensory receptors

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8
Q

Which nerves link the spinal cord with sensory receptors and other parts of the body?

A

Spinal nerves

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9
Q

What is another name for sensory nerves?

A

Sensory nerves

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10
Q

Which nerves transmit messages from receptors to the CNS?

A

Sensory nerves

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11
Q

What are highly specialized to receive and transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the body?

A

Neurons

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12
Q

What is the main part of the neuron?

A

The cell body

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13
Q

What is the name for highly branched fibres?

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

What extends from the cell body and are specialized to receive nerve impulses and transmit them to the cell body?

A

Dendrites

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15
Q

Dendrites are specialized to receive what?

A

Nerve impulses

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16
Q

What transmits neural messages from the cell body toward the neuron?

A

The axon

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17
Q

Axons transmit neural messages from the cell body to what 3 parts?

A

Another neuron, a muscle, or a gland

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18
Q

Axons may produce what kind of branches that divide at the distal end, forming many terminal branches.

A

Collateral branches

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19
Q

Terminal branches end in what?

A

Synaptic terminals

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20
Q

What do synaptic terminals release?

A

Neurotransmitters

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21
Q

What is the inner cover of the PNS called?

A

The myelin sheath

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22
Q

What is the outer cover of the PNS called?

A

The neurilemma

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23
Q

The myelin sheath and the neurilemma of the PNS are formed by what cells?

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

What kind of cells support and protect neurons, communicate with one another and with neurons, and carry our major regulatory functions?

A

Glial cells

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25
Q

What is the name of the star-shaped cells that support, protect and communicate with neurons?

A

Astrocytes

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26
Q

Which cells form insulating myelin sheaths around neurons in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

Ependymal cells line cavities in the CNS and help produce and circulate what?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

What is communication among neurons called?

A

Neural signalling

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29
Q

What is the junction between two neurons called?

A

Synapse

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30
Q

What is a group, or mass, of nerve cell bodies called?

A

Ganglion

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31
Q

What is the name for “ganglia” within the CNS?

A

Nuclei

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32
Q

What is a large bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue called?

A

A nerve

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33
Q

Muscles and glands that cause a response to messages from the nervous system are called what?

A

Effectors

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34
Q

What is the process of sending messages along a neuron called?

A

Transmission

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35
Q

What is the designation for a “nerve” within the CNS called?

A

A pathway

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36
Q

When one side has a different charge from the other side on the plasma membrane, what is it called?

A

Electrically polarized

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37
Q

The difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane produces what?

A

Electrical gradient

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38
Q

Voltage causes what to flow between two points?

A

Charged particles

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39
Q

The voltage measured across the plasma membrane is referred to as what?

A

The membrane potential

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40
Q

Ions diffuse through what in the plasma membrane?

A

Specific passive ion channels

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41
Q

When the membrane potential becomes less negative (closer to zero) than the resting level, the membrane is what?

A

Depolarized

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42
Q

When a membrane is depolarized, it is excitatory because it brings a neuron closer to transmitting what?

A

A neural impulse

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43
Q

When the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, the membrane is what?

A

Hyperpolarized

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44
Q

When the membrane is hyperpolarized, the ability of a neuron to generate a neural impulse is what?

A

Inhibitory

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45
Q

What kind of ion channels open when a stimulus is sufficiently strong?

A

Voltage-activated

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46
Q

When ion channels are open, what enters the neuron through the gated channels?

A

Na+

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47
Q

What is generated when the voltage across the membrane is decreased to the threshold level?

A

Action potential

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48
Q

What is another name for a neural impulse?

A

Action potential

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49
Q

What is another name for a critical point?

A

Threshold level

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50
Q

As the action potential moves down the axon, what occurs behind it?

A

Repolarization

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51
Q

During the period where it is depolarized, the axon membrane is in a what?

A

Absolute refractory period

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52
Q

During a period, an axon can transmit impulses, but the threshold is higher. What is this period called?

A

Relative refractory period

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53
Q

Smooth, progressive transmission of a neural impulse is called what?

A

Continuous conduction

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54
Q

At the node of Ranvier, is an axon myelinated or not myelinated?

A

NOT myelinated

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55
Q

Neural transmission involving leaps from node to node is faster and requires less energy, compared with continuous conduction, is called what?

A

Saltatory conduction

56
Q

What is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

A

Glutamate

57
Q

What is a small space that separates presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons called?

A

Synaptic cleft

58
Q

What is a neuron called that begins at a synapse?

A

Postsynaptic

59
Q

What is a retrograde messenger at some synapses?

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

60
Q

What inhibits interneurons in the CNS?

A

GABA

61
Q

What is an opioid made by the body, which blocks pain signals by binding to certain receptors in the brain?

A

Endorphin

62
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the catecholamine group that affects mood?

A

Dopamine

63
Q

What is a neuron that terminates at a specific synapse called?

A

Presynaptic

64
Q

Cholinergic neurons release what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

What neurotransmitter activates pathways that transmit pain signals?

A

Substance P

66
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic terminals within small sacs called what?

A

synaptic vesicles

67
Q

Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across what before combining with receptors on the plasma membrane?

A

Synaptic cleft

68
Q

Excess of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is degraded by which enzyme?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

69
Q

A change in membrane potential that brings the neuron closer to firing is called a what?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

70
Q

A neurotransmitter receptor combination that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, taking the membrane farther away from the firing level, is called a what?

A

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

71
Q

EPSPs may be added together, in a process known as what?

A

Summation

72
Q

What is the most posterior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord?

A

Medulla

73
Q

What are the fluid-filled spaces in the brain called?

A

Ventricles

74
Q

What receives sensory information entering the spinal cord and brainstem?

A

Reticular formation

75
Q

What part influences the level of arousal?

A

Reticular formation

76
Q

Which is a centre in the medulla that helps regulate blood pressure by controlling diameter of blood vessels?

A

Vasomotor centres

77
Q

Which is the matter of the medulla consisting mainly of nerve tracts?

A

White matter

78
Q

Which is the matter of the medulla consisting mainly of various nuclei?

A

Grey matter

79
Q

Which is the elongated portion of the brain that looks like a stalk for the cerebrum?

A

Brainstem

80
Q

What is the bulge called on the anterior surface of the brainstem that connects various parts of the brain?

A

Pons

81
Q

What is the shortest part of the brainstem that extends from the pons to the diencephalon?

A

Midbrain

82
Q

What is the centre of the medulla that controls heart rate?

A

Cardiac centre

83
Q

What is the centre of the medulla that initiates and regulates breathing?

A

Respiratory centre

84
Q

Which cavity of the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricles?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

85
Q

Which part of the brain is between the cerebrum and the midbrain?

A

The diencephalon

86
Q

What are the two regions of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

87
Q

Nuclei in the thalamus serve as what for sensory information?

A

Relay stations

88
Q

Which part of the brain integrates motor information and transmits messages to motor areas in the cerebrum?

A

Thalamus

89
Q

Which part of the brain is also called the control centre of the autonomic system?

A

Hypothalamus

90
Q

Which part is positioned below the thalamus?

A

The hypothalamus

91
Q

Which gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue?

A

Pituitary gland

92
Q

What is a prominent X shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves?

A

The optic chiasma

93
Q

What is located on the floor of the hypothalamus?

A

The optic chiasma

94
Q

The hypothalamus makes which two hormones?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxycontin

95
Q

Which hormone controls the rate of water reabsorption by the kidney?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

96
Q

Which hormone-stimulated uterine contractions during childbirth and releases breast milk?

A

Oxytocin

97
Q

What is the name for sleep-wake cycles?

A

Circadian rhythms

98
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus is the most important of the body’s biological clocks?

A

Suprachiasmatic

99
Q

What are shallow grooves that separate convolutions called?

A

Sulci

100
Q

What are gyri, or rounded elevations of the cerebrum?

A

Convolutions

101
Q

What is a thin outer layer of the cerebrum called?

A

Cerebral cortex

102
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

103
Q

What part of the brain controls motor activities and serves as the memory centre?

A

Cerebrum

104
Q

What are the paired nuclei that play an important role in movement called?

A

Basal ganglia

105
Q

What are deep grooves that separate convolutions called?

A

Fissures

106
Q

What is the name of a large band of white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

107
Q

Which part connects part of the cortex with the hypothalamus?

A

Fornix

108
Q

Each frontal lobe is separated from a parietal lobe by what?

A

A central sulcus

109
Q

Which area of the frontal lobe is largely responsible for executive functions?

A

The prefrontal area

110
Q

Which area in the left frontal lobe directs the formation of words?

A

Broca’s area

111
Q

In the occipital lobe, the area that receives visual information is called what?

A

The primary visual area

112
Q

Which lobe receives auditory messages?

A

Temporal lobe

113
Q

What is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories?

A

Hippocampus

114
Q

What is the ability of the nervous system to modify synapses during learning and remembering?

A

Synaptic plasticity

115
Q

What filters incoming sensory information and evaluates its importance in terms of emotional needs and survival?

A

Amygdala

116
Q

What is a group of interconnected nuclei involved in memory and in the regulation of emotions called?

A

Limbic system

117
Q

What transmits information to and from the brain and controls many reflex activities of the body?

A

The spinal cord

118
Q

The grey matter surrounds the central canal and is subdivided into what?

A

Columns

119
Q

The white mater is outside the grey matter and consists of what arranged in bundles?

A

Myelinated axons

120
Q

Ascending tracts do what?

A

Transmit sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain.

121
Q

Descending tracts do what?

A

Transmit impulses from the brain to the spinal cord

122
Q

The tough, double-layered membrane, which is the outermost of the meninges, is called what?

A

Dura mater

123
Q

What is the very thin membrane that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord called?

A

Pia mater

124
Q

What are large blood vessels between two layers of dura mater called?

A

Sinuses

125
Q

What are three connective tissue layers covering the brain and the spinal cord called?

A

Meninges

126
Q

What cushions the CNS?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

127
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater called?

A

Subarachnoid space

128
Q

What is the second of the meninges called?

A

Arachnoid

129
Q

What is an inflammation of the meninges called?

A

Meningitis

130
Q

What is an inflammation of the brain called?

A

Encephalitis

131
Q

What is a cluster of capillaries called, that project from the pia mater into the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexuses

132
Q

The central nervous system consists of what two parts?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

133
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?

A

Sensory receptors and nerves

134
Q

The correct sequential process for neural signalling is what?

A

Reception, transmission, integration, transmission, actual response

135
Q

The gradients that determine the resting potential are maintained by what?

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

136
Q

The main divisions of the brain are what?

A

Medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum.

137
Q

The midbrain contains centres for what?

A

Visual and audio reflexes

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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