Chapter 6 - Workbook Flashcards
What part of the nervous system is made up of sensory receptors and nerves?
Peripheral
Which sensory receptors and nerves regulate the internal environment?
Autonomic sensory receptors
What is another name for motor nerves?
Efferent nerves
Which nerves transmit information from the CNS to structures that must respond?
Efferent nerves
Which part of the nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Central nervous system
Which nerves link the brain with sensory receptors and other parts of the body?
Cranial nerves
Which sensory receptors and nerves are concerned with the changes in the outside environment?
Somatic sensory receptors
Which nerves link the spinal cord with sensory receptors and other parts of the body?
Spinal nerves
What is another name for sensory nerves?
Sensory nerves
Which nerves transmit messages from receptors to the CNS?
Sensory nerves
What are highly specialized to receive and transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the body?
Neurons
What is the main part of the neuron?
The cell body
What is the name for highly branched fibres?
Dendrites
What extends from the cell body and are specialized to receive nerve impulses and transmit them to the cell body?
Dendrites
Dendrites are specialized to receive what?
Nerve impulses
What transmits neural messages from the cell body toward the neuron?
The axon
Axons transmit neural messages from the cell body to what 3 parts?
Another neuron, a muscle, or a gland
Axons may produce what kind of branches that divide at the distal end, forming many terminal branches.
Collateral branches
Terminal branches end in what?
Synaptic terminals
What do synaptic terminals release?
Neurotransmitters
What is the inner cover of the PNS called?
The myelin sheath
What is the outer cover of the PNS called?
The neurilemma
The myelin sheath and the neurilemma of the PNS are formed by what cells?
Schwann cells
What kind of cells support and protect neurons, communicate with one another and with neurons, and carry our major regulatory functions?
Glial cells
What is the name of the star-shaped cells that support, protect and communicate with neurons?
Astrocytes
Which cells form insulating myelin sheaths around neurons in the CNS?
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells line cavities in the CNS and help produce and circulate what?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is communication among neurons called?
Neural signalling
What is the junction between two neurons called?
Synapse
What is a group, or mass, of nerve cell bodies called?
Ganglion
What is the name for “ganglia” within the CNS?
Nuclei
What is a large bundle of axons wrapped in connective tissue called?
A nerve
Muscles and glands that cause a response to messages from the nervous system are called what?
Effectors
What is the process of sending messages along a neuron called?
Transmission
What is the designation for a “nerve” within the CNS called?
A pathway
When one side has a different charge from the other side on the plasma membrane, what is it called?
Electrically polarized
The difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane produces what?
Electrical gradient
Voltage causes what to flow between two points?
Charged particles
The voltage measured across the plasma membrane is referred to as what?
The membrane potential
Ions diffuse through what in the plasma membrane?
Specific passive ion channels
When the membrane potential becomes less negative (closer to zero) than the resting level, the membrane is what?
Depolarized
When a membrane is depolarized, it is excitatory because it brings a neuron closer to transmitting what?
A neural impulse
When the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential, the membrane is what?
Hyperpolarized
When the membrane is hyperpolarized, the ability of a neuron to generate a neural impulse is what?
Inhibitory
What kind of ion channels open when a stimulus is sufficiently strong?
Voltage-activated
When ion channels are open, what enters the neuron through the gated channels?
Na+
What is generated when the voltage across the membrane is decreased to the threshold level?
Action potential
What is another name for a neural impulse?
Action potential
What is another name for a critical point?
Threshold level
As the action potential moves down the axon, what occurs behind it?
Repolarization
During the period where it is depolarized, the axon membrane is in a what?
Absolute refractory period
During a period, an axon can transmit impulses, but the threshold is higher. What is this period called?
Relative refractory period
Smooth, progressive transmission of a neural impulse is called what?
Continuous conduction
At the node of Ranvier, is an axon myelinated or not myelinated?
NOT myelinated
Neural transmission involving leaps from node to node is faster and requires less energy, compared with continuous conduction, is called what?
Saltatory conduction
What is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?
Glutamate
What is a small space that separates presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons called?
Synaptic cleft
What is a neuron called that begins at a synapse?
Postsynaptic
What is a retrograde messenger at some synapses?
Nitric Oxide (NO)
What inhibits interneurons in the CNS?
GABA
What is an opioid made by the body, which blocks pain signals by binding to certain receptors in the brain?
Endorphin
What is the neurotransmitter in the catecholamine group that affects mood?
Dopamine
What is a neuron that terminates at a specific synapse called?
Presynaptic
Cholinergic neurons release what neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter activates pathways that transmit pain signals?
Substance P
Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic terminals within small sacs called what?
synaptic vesicles
Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across what before combining with receptors on the plasma membrane?
Synaptic cleft
Excess of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is degraded by which enzyme?
Acetylcholinesterase
A change in membrane potential that brings the neuron closer to firing is called a what?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
A neurotransmitter receptor combination that hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane, taking the membrane farther away from the firing level, is called a what?
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
EPSPs may be added together, in a process known as what?
Summation
What is the most posterior portion of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla
What are the fluid-filled spaces in the brain called?
Ventricles
What receives sensory information entering the spinal cord and brainstem?
Reticular formation
What part influences the level of arousal?
Reticular formation
Which is a centre in the medulla that helps regulate blood pressure by controlling diameter of blood vessels?
Vasomotor centres
Which is the matter of the medulla consisting mainly of nerve tracts?
White matter
Which is the matter of the medulla consisting mainly of various nuclei?
Grey matter
Which is the elongated portion of the brain that looks like a stalk for the cerebrum?
Brainstem
What is the bulge called on the anterior surface of the brainstem that connects various parts of the brain?
Pons
What is the shortest part of the brainstem that extends from the pons to the diencephalon?
Midbrain
What is the centre of the medulla that controls heart rate?
Cardiac centre
What is the centre of the medulla that initiates and regulates breathing?
Respiratory centre
Which cavity of the midbrain connects the third and fourth ventricles?
The cerebral aqueduct
Which part of the brain is between the cerebrum and the midbrain?
The diencephalon
What are the two regions of the diencephalon?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
Nuclei in the thalamus serve as what for sensory information?
Relay stations
Which part of the brain integrates motor information and transmits messages to motor areas in the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which part of the brain is also called the control centre of the autonomic system?
Hypothalamus
Which part is positioned below the thalamus?
The hypothalamus
Which gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk of tissue?
Pituitary gland
What is a prominent X shaped structure formed by the crossing of the optic nerves?
The optic chiasma
What is located on the floor of the hypothalamus?
The optic chiasma
The hypothalamus makes which two hormones?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and Oxycontin
Which hormone controls the rate of water reabsorption by the kidney?
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
Which hormone-stimulated uterine contractions during childbirth and releases breast milk?
Oxytocin
What is the name for sleep-wake cycles?
Circadian rhythms
Which part of the hypothalamus is the most important of the body’s biological clocks?
Suprachiasmatic
What are shallow grooves that separate convolutions called?
Sulci
What are gyri, or rounded elevations of the cerebrum?
Convolutions
What is a thin outer layer of the cerebrum called?
Cerebral cortex
What is the largest part of the brain?
Cerebrum
What part of the brain controls motor activities and serves as the memory centre?
Cerebrum
What are the paired nuclei that play an important role in movement called?
Basal ganglia
What are deep grooves that separate convolutions called?
Fissures
What is the name of a large band of white matter that connects the right and left hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which part connects part of the cortex with the hypothalamus?
Fornix
Each frontal lobe is separated from a parietal lobe by what?
A central sulcus
Which area of the frontal lobe is largely responsible for executive functions?
The prefrontal area
Which area in the left frontal lobe directs the formation of words?
Broca’s area
In the occipital lobe, the area that receives visual information is called what?
The primary visual area
Which lobe receives auditory messages?
Temporal lobe
What is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories?
Hippocampus
What is the ability of the nervous system to modify synapses during learning and remembering?
Synaptic plasticity
What filters incoming sensory information and evaluates its importance in terms of emotional needs and survival?
Amygdala
What is a group of interconnected nuclei involved in memory and in the regulation of emotions called?
Limbic system
What transmits information to and from the brain and controls many reflex activities of the body?
The spinal cord
The grey matter surrounds the central canal and is subdivided into what?
Columns
The white mater is outside the grey matter and consists of what arranged in bundles?
Myelinated axons
Ascending tracts do what?
Transmit sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain.
Descending tracts do what?
Transmit impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
The tough, double-layered membrane, which is the outermost of the meninges, is called what?
Dura mater
What is the very thin membrane that adheres closely to the brain and spinal cord called?
Pia mater
What are large blood vessels between two layers of dura mater called?
Sinuses
What are three connective tissue layers covering the brain and the spinal cord called?
Meninges
What cushions the CNS?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater called?
Subarachnoid space
What is the second of the meninges called?
Arachnoid
What is an inflammation of the meninges called?
Meningitis
What is an inflammation of the brain called?
Encephalitis
What is a cluster of capillaries called, that project from the pia mater into the ventricles?
Choroid plexuses
The central nervous system consists of what two parts?
The brain and the spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is made up of what?
Sensory receptors and nerves
The correct sequential process for neural signalling is what?
Reception, transmission, integration, transmission, actual response
The gradients that determine the resting potential are maintained by what?
Sodium-potassium pumps
The main divisions of the brain are what?
Medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
The midbrain contains centres for what?
Visual and audio reflexes
