Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 13 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

What is any molecule that can be specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system called?

A

Antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a group of inherited cell0surface proteins called?

A

MHC antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which cells attack body cells infected by invading pathogens, foreign cells, and cells altered by mutation?

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most numerous type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is communication among cells referred to as?

A

Cell signalling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are organisms that cause a disease called?

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The inflammatory response brings large number of what kind of cells to destroy foreign pathogens?

A

Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What inhibits the harmful bacteria that happen to land on the skin?

A

A large population of harmless bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to activated B cells?

A

They multiply, and within a few days, produce large clones of identical B cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrophages and certain lymphocytes release what two things that defend the body against infection?

A

Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the name for CD4 cells?

A

Helper T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When infected by viruses, which interfere with viral replication, cells secrete cytokines called what?

A

Interferons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ingests and destroys foreign bacteria by engulfing it?

A

Phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does a phagocyte do to an engulfed foreign bacteria?

A

Package it in a vesicle, and then it is killed when lysosomes release enzymes into it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cells called that mast cells release that dilates blood vessels in the affected area, and also makes capillaries more permeable?

A

Histamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 clinical characteristics of inflammation during an inflammatory response?

A

Heat, redness, edema, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do natural killer (NK) cells release to destroy target cells?

A

Cytokines and enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is another name for non-specific immunity?

A

Innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Some differentiated cells remain in the lymph tissues for years or decades. What are these cells called?

A

Memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is it called when T cells destroy the cells of a transplant?

A

Graft rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which type of immunity is carried out by the lymphatic system and includes both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?

A

Adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, and interleukins are examples of what?

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What provides very specific responses against specific foreign molecules that have entered the body?

A

Adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Innate immunity provides general protection against what?

A

Pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is displayed on a B cell and can bind with a specific type of antigen?

A

B-cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are a diverse group of mainly peptides and proteins that cells use to signal one another?

A

Cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What system, that consists of more than 20 proteins present in plasma and other body fluids, is important in both innate and adaptive immunity?

A

The complement system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Which three types of cells function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which gland makes T cells capable of making immune responses?

A

Thymus

31
Q

What is another name for borrowed immunity, the effects do not last long?

A

Passive immunity

32
Q

Which cells are principle combatants in adaptive immune responses?

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

What complex activates several defence mechanisms to fight pathogens?

A

Antigen-antibody complex

34
Q

Which cells continue to produce small amounts of antibodies for years?

A

Memory B cells

35
Q

What kind of cell displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (ACPs)

36
Q

What is specific immunity referred to as?

A

Adaptive immunity

37
Q

What are specific surface receptors developed by T cells?

A

T-cell receptors

38
Q

What is the study of internal defence mechanisms?

A

Immunology

39
Q

What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?

A

Killer T cells

40
Q

T cells are responsible for what kind of immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

41
Q

Which cells recognize and destroy cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces?

A

Killer T cells

42
Q

What kind of response does the body launch the first time it is exposed to a particular antigen?

A

Primary responses

43
Q

Which cells are important signalling molecules that have roles in innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Cytokines

44
Q

Which cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells and enhance immune responses?

A

Helper T cells

45
Q

Which cells secrete APCs that help activates B cells?

A

Helper T cells

46
Q

What is the name for CD8 cells?

A

Killer T cells

47
Q

Innate and adaptive immune responses both depend on the bodies ability to distinguish what?

A

The self from the nonself

48
Q

Which cells destroy target cells by both innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Dendritic cells

49
Q

What is the recognition of foreign or harmful molecules or abnormal cells and action aimed at eliminating then called?

A

Immune response

50
Q

What displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins to T cells?

A

Antigen-presenting cells

51
Q

What provides immediate general protection against pathogens?

A

Innate immunity

52
Q

Which cells are large granular lymphocytes produced by bone marrow?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

53
Q

What allows for increased blood flow in an infected region, bringing great numbers of neutrophils and other phagocytic cells?

A

Vasodilation

54
Q

Plasma cells do not leave where?

A

The lymph nodes

55
Q

Which cells recognize and are active against a wide variety of targets, including cells infected with some types of viruses and tumour cells?

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

56
Q

How are pathogens destroyed in the respiratory pathway?

A

Filtered out by nasal hairs or trapped by the mucous lining.

57
Q

In antibody-mediated immunity, what are the specific antibodies called?

A

Immunoglobulins

58
Q

What is the spreading of tumour cells to other parts of the body called?

A

Metastasis

59
Q

What kind of immunity develops naturally after a particular infection or by immunization?

A

Active immunity

60
Q

What are the two phagocytes of the immune system?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

61
Q

What are highly specific proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens called?

A

Antibodies

62
Q

What is the over function of the immune system called?

A

An allergic reaction

63
Q

APCs display antigens to what kind of cell?

A

T cells

64
Q

Which cells suppress immune responses after pathogens have been destroyed?

A

Regulatory T cells

65
Q

Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, and mature into plasma cells?

A

B cells

66
Q

Killer T cells target virus-infected cells, cancer cells and foreign tissue grafts by releasing what?

A

Cytokines and enzymes

67
Q

75% of antibodies in the blood belong to which immunoglobin fraction?

A

IgG

68
Q

Macrophages and dendritic cells both develop from which kind of white blood cells?

A

Monocytes

69
Q

How are pathogens destroyed by the stomach?

A

Pathogens that enter with food are destroyed by stomach acid and enzymes.

70
Q

Adaptive immunity provides very specific responses against specific what?

A

Foreign molecules

71
Q

Millions of B cells are produced where daily?

A

Bone marrow

72
Q

What activates dendritic cells?

A

Certain proteins on the cell surface of foreign cells.

73
Q

Most of the B cell clones mature and become plasma cells that secrete what?

A

Antibodies

74
Q

What rapid response is launched after the second exposure to an antigen?

A

Secondary response

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions