Chapter 13 - Workbook Flashcards
What is any molecule that can be specifically recognized as foreign by cells of the immune system called?
Antigens
What is a group of inherited cell0surface proteins called?
MHC antigens
Which cells attack body cells infected by invading pathogens, foreign cells, and cells altered by mutation?
T cells
What is the most numerous type of leukocyte?
Neutrophils
What is communication among cells referred to as?
Cell signalling
What are organisms that cause a disease called?
Pathogens
The inflammatory response brings large number of what kind of cells to destroy foreign pathogens?
Phagocytes
What inhibits the harmful bacteria that happen to land on the skin?
A large population of harmless bacteria
What happens to activated B cells?
They multiply, and within a few days, produce large clones of identical B cells.
Macrophages and certain lymphocytes release what two things that defend the body against infection?
Interleukins and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity?
B cells
What is the name for CD4 cells?
Helper T cells
When infected by viruses, which interfere with viral replication, cells secrete cytokines called what?
Interferons
What ingests and destroys foreign bacteria by engulfing it?
Phagocytes
What does a phagocyte do to an engulfed foreign bacteria?
Package it in a vesicle, and then it is killed when lysosomes release enzymes into it.
What are the cells called that mast cells release that dilates blood vessels in the affected area, and also makes capillaries more permeable?
Histamine
What are the 4 clinical characteristics of inflammation during an inflammatory response?
Heat, redness, edema, and pain
What do natural killer (NK) cells release to destroy target cells?
Cytokines and enzymes
What is another name for non-specific immunity?
Innate immunity
Some differentiated cells remain in the lymph tissues for years or decades. What are these cells called?
Memory T cells
What is it called when T cells destroy the cells of a transplant?
Graft rejection
Which type of immunity is carried out by the lymphatic system and includes both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity?
Adaptive immunity
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferons, and interleukins are examples of what?
Cytokines
What provides very specific responses against specific foreign molecules that have entered the body?
Adaptive immunity
Innate immunity provides general protection against what?
Pathogens
What is displayed on a B cell and can bind with a specific type of antigen?
B-cell receptor
What are a diverse group of mainly peptides and proteins that cells use to signal one another?
Cytokines
What system, that consists of more than 20 proteins present in plasma and other body fluids, is important in both innate and adaptive immunity?
The complement system
Which three types of cells function as antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
B cells
Which gland makes T cells capable of making immune responses?
Thymus
What is another name for borrowed immunity, the effects do not last long?
Passive immunity
Which cells are principle combatants in adaptive immune responses?
Lymphocytes
What complex activates several defence mechanisms to fight pathogens?
Antigen-antibody complex
Which cells continue to produce small amounts of antibodies for years?
Memory B cells
What kind of cell displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins?
Antigen-presenting cells (ACPs)
What is specific immunity referred to as?
Adaptive immunity
What are specific surface receptors developed by T cells?
T-cell receptors
What is the study of internal defence mechanisms?
Immunology
What is another name for cytotoxic T cells?
Killer T cells
T cells are responsible for what kind of immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity
Which cells recognize and destroy cells with foreign antigens on their surfaces?
Killer T cells
What kind of response does the body launch the first time it is exposed to a particular antigen?
Primary responses
Which cells are important signalling molecules that have roles in innate and adaptive immune responses?
Cytokines
Which cells secrete cytokines that activate B cells and enhance immune responses?
Helper T cells
Which cells secrete APCs that help activates B cells?
Helper T cells
What is the name for CD8 cells?
Killer T cells
Innate and adaptive immune responses both depend on the bodies ability to distinguish what?
The self from the nonself
Which cells destroy target cells by both innate and adaptive immune responses?
Dendritic cells
What is the recognition of foreign or harmful molecules or abnormal cells and action aimed at eliminating then called?
Immune response
What displays fragments of foreign antigens as well as their own surface proteins to T cells?
Antigen-presenting cells
What provides immediate general protection against pathogens?
Innate immunity
Which cells are large granular lymphocytes produced by bone marrow?
Natural killer (NK) cells
What allows for increased blood flow in an infected region, bringing great numbers of neutrophils and other phagocytic cells?
Vasodilation
Plasma cells do not leave where?
The lymph nodes
Which cells recognize and are active against a wide variety of targets, including cells infected with some types of viruses and tumour cells?
Natural killer (NK) cells
How are pathogens destroyed in the respiratory pathway?
Filtered out by nasal hairs or trapped by the mucous lining.
In antibody-mediated immunity, what are the specific antibodies called?
Immunoglobulins
What is the spreading of tumour cells to other parts of the body called?
Metastasis
What kind of immunity develops naturally after a particular infection or by immunization?
Active immunity
What are the two phagocytes of the immune system?
Neutrophils and macrophages
What are highly specific proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens called?
Antibodies
What is the over function of the immune system called?
An allergic reaction
APCs display antigens to what kind of cell?
T cells
Which cells suppress immune responses after pathogens have been destroyed?
Regulatory T cells
Which cells are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity, and mature into plasma cells?
B cells
Killer T cells target virus-infected cells, cancer cells and foreign tissue grafts by releasing what?
Cytokines and enzymes
75% of antibodies in the blood belong to which immunoglobin fraction?
IgG
Macrophages and dendritic cells both develop from which kind of white blood cells?
Monocytes
How are pathogens destroyed by the stomach?
Pathogens that enter with food are destroyed by stomach acid and enzymes.
Adaptive immunity provides very specific responses against specific what?
Foreign molecules
Millions of B cells are produced where daily?
Bone marrow
What activates dendritic cells?
Certain proteins on the cell surface of foreign cells.
Most of the B cell clones mature and become plasma cells that secrete what?
Antibodies
What rapid response is launched after the second exposure to an antigen?
Secondary response
