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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 8 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

An internal or external change we detect in our environment is called what?

A

A stimulus

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2
Q

What are the 4 complex sense organs?

A

Eyes, ears, nose, and taste buds

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3
Q

A sensory receptor absorbs a small amount of energy from some stimulus in the environment and converts it into electrical energy. What is this process known as?

A

Energy transduction

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4
Q

The sensory neuron transmits signals to the CNS where what takes place?

A

Integration

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5
Q

A receptor potential is also known as what?

A

A graded response

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6
Q

Each type of sensory receptor normally responds to how many types of stimulus?

A

1 kind of stimulus

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7
Q

The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of something transmitted by a given fibre. What is the something?

A

Action potentials

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8
Q

Would a painful backache involve a greater or lesser frequency of action potentials than a minor scratch?

A

A greater frequency

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9
Q

A decrease in the frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron even though the stimulus is maintained is called what?

A

Sensory adaptation

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10
Q

What is the process of selecting, interpreting, and organizing sensory information called?

A

Sensory perception

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11
Q

Which receptors transduce light energy?

A

Photoreceptors

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12
Q

Which receptors respond to heat and cold?

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

Which receptors transduce chemical compounds?

A

Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

Which receptors respond to pain?

A

Nociceptors

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15
Q

Which receptors transduce mechanical energy, like touch, pressure, and gravity?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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16
Q

What is the tough, fibrous white of the eye?

A

Sclera

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17
Q

Which glands produce tears?

A

Lacrimal

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18
Q

Whats blood vessels nourish the retina?

A

The choroid

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19
Q

What regulates the amount of light entering the eye?

A

The iris

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20
Q

What kind of vision helps us judge distance and depth?

A

Binocular vision

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21
Q

What is the opening in the centre of the circular muscles of the iris called?

A

The pupil

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22
Q

What is the transparent layer that covers the iris and pupil called?

A

The cornea

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23
Q

What is the mucous membrane that covers the sclera called?

A

The conjunctiva

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24
Q

What lines the inner layer of the eyelid?

A

The conjunctiva

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25
Q

The anterior cavity between the cornea and the lens is filled with a watery substance called what?

A

The aqueous humour

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26
Q

The larger posterior cavity between the lens and the retina is filled with a viscous fluid called what?

A

The vitreous humour

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27
Q

What does the iris regulate?

A

The amount of light entering the eye

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28
Q

What is composed of two mutually antagonistic sets of smooth muscle fibres in the eye?

A

The iris

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29
Q

An adjustable, transparent, elastic ball that lies just behind the iris is called what?

A

The lens

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30
Q

The lens refracts the light rays coming into the eye and brings them to a focus on what?

A

The retina

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31
Q

How many extrinsic muscles control eye movement by positioning the eyeball with coordinated and precise actions?

A

6

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32
Q

Which 6 muscles control eye movement?

A

Extrinsic muscles

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33
Q

The eye has the ability to change focus for near or far vision by changing the shape of the lens. What is this called?

A

Accommodation

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34
Q

Accommodation is the function of what muscle?

A

Ciliary muscle

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35
Q

Glandlike folds that project towards the lens and secrete aqueous humour are called what?

A

Ciliary processes

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36
Q

What is the region of sharpest vision and has the greatest concentration of cones?

A

The fovea

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37
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus controls which information is sent to where?

A

Primary visual cortex

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38
Q

What is an X-shaped structure where optic nerves cross the floor of the hypothalamus?

A

The optic chiasm

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39
Q

The breakdown of what pigment leads to transduction of light and transmission of neural signals?

A

Rhodopsin

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40
Q

What is responsible for colour vision and vision during daylight?

A

Cones

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41
Q

Which nerve transmits touch and pain information from eye to brain?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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42
Q

What is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors?

A

Retina

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43
Q

Axons of ganglion cells across the retina surface unite to form what?

A

Optic nerve

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44
Q

Bipolar cells make synaptic contact with what cells?

A

Ganglion cells

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45
Q

What is responsible mainly for vision in dim light or darkness?

A

Rods

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46
Q

Photoreceptors synapse at which cells?

A

Bipolar cells

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47
Q

What is another name for the blind spot?

A

The optic disc

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48
Q

The area where the optic nerve passes out of the eyeball is called what?

A

The optic disc

49
Q

What part of the ear projects from the side of the head and surrounds the ear canal?

A

The pinna

50
Q

What is another name for the ear canal?

A

The external auditory meatus

51
Q

What is another name for earwax?

A

Cerumen

52
Q

What kind of glands line the ear canal?

A

Ceruminous glands

53
Q

What is another name for the eardrum?

A

The tympanic membrane

54
Q

What separates the middle ear from the external ear?

A

The eardrum

55
Q

Which bone is the middle ear in?

A

The temporal bone

56
Q

How many bones are in the middle ear?

A

3

57
Q

What are the 3 bones in the middle ear called?

A

Ossicles

58
Q

Air pressure is equalized on both sides of the tympanic membrane by what?

A

The eustachian tube

59
Q

The eustachian tube connects what?

A

The middle ear and the nasopharynx

60
Q

What are the names of the three auditory ossicles?

A

The malleus, incus, and stapes

61
Q

What is the purpose of the three auditory ossicles?

A

To amplify the vibrations coming from the tympanic membrane

62
Q

What kind of receptors are within the inner ear?

A

Mechanoreceptors

63
Q

What is the job of the mechanoreceptors in the inner ear?

A

Convert sound waves to nerve impulses and receptors that maintain equilibrium.

64
Q

The inner ear is a bony labyrinth composed of what three compartments?

A

The vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals

65
Q

Where is the vestibule located?

A

In the inner ear, beside the oval window

66
Q

What fluid is within the bony labyrinth?

A

Perilymph

67
Q

What fluid is within the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

68
Q

What is the sound receptor contained in the cochlea?

A

The round window

69
Q

What is the canal connected to the tympanic canal at the apex of the cochlea?

A

The vestibular canal

70
Q

Which neurotransmitter binds to receptors on sensory neurons that synapse on each hair cell?

A

Glutamate

71
Q

What is the snail-shaped portion of of the inner ear?

A

The cochlea

72
Q

How many canals are in the cochlea?

A

Three

73
Q

What is the middle canal that contains the organ of Corti called?

A

The cochlear duct

74
Q

What is the name of the tiny projections that extend into the cochlear duct called?

A

Stereocilia

75
Q

Which nerve transmits messages to the brain?

A

The cochlear nerve

76
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic canal?

A

The basilar membrane

77
Q

What is the membrane at the end of the tympanic canal called?

A

The organ of Corti

78
Q

The number of vibrations per second is referred to as what?

A

Frequency

79
Q

What are the units that frequency is expressed in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

80
Q

Pitch depends on what?

A

The frequency of sound waves

81
Q

Loud sounds cause waves of greater what?

A

Amplitude

82
Q

Which two pieces of the ear contain receptor cells that transmit information about the position of the body?

A

The vestibule and the semicircular canals

83
Q

What are the names of the two saclike structures that house the otoliths?

A

The saccule and the utricle

84
Q

What are the gravity detectors in the form of small calcium carbonate ear stones called?

A

Otoliths

85
Q

Each receptor cell has a group of hair cells that are surrounded at the tips by a gelatinous mass called what?

A

Cupula

86
Q

The three semicircular canals provide information about turning movements, referred to as what?

A

Angular acceleration

87
Q

What is located at the openings of each canal into the utricle?

A

Ampulla’s

88
Q

A clump of hair cells that lies within each ampulla is called what?

A

Crista

89
Q

As the position of the head changes, something in the ear moves in relation to the fluid in the canals. What is this something called?

A

Stereocilia

90
Q

Responses of the sensory cells in the semicircular canals are transmitted to the vestibular nerve, which joins the cochlear nerve to form what?

A

The vestibulocochlear nerve

91
Q

What lines the upper part of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory epithelium

92
Q

What detects chemical substances in the air, food, and water?

A

Chemoreceptors

93
Q

What transmits odours detected by the olfactory epithelium?

A

The olfactory nerve

94
Q

What is the sense of taste carried out by taste buds called?

A

Gustation

95
Q

What are the tiny elevations on the tongue that contain taste buds called?

A

Papillae

96
Q

What are the five main tastes?

A

Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami

97
Q

What is the taste of savoriness called?

A

Umami

98
Q

What is an oval epithelial capsule with about 100 receptor cells called?

A

A taste bud

99
Q

Mechanoreceptors that detect touch and pressure stimulated by objects that contact the bodies surface are called what?

A

Free nerve endings

100
Q

What kind of receptors located in the skin sense light touch and pressure, heavy and continuous touch and pressure, and deep pressure?

A

Tactile receptors

101
Q

Thermoreceptors are especially concentrated in what?

A

The lips and the mouth

102
Q

Thermoreceptors detect internal changes from the body surface. Where are these thermoreceptors located?

A

The hypothalamus

103
Q

The principal ascending pain pathway is called what?

A

The spinothalamic tract

104
Q

Where in the brain does pain perception begin?

A

The thalamus

105
Q

What is another word for pain control?

A

Analgesia

106
Q

What does the body make to help with pain control?

A

Opiates

107
Q

To decrease transmission of pain signals up the spinal cord, opiates inhibit the release of what?

A

Substance P

108
Q

What kind of receptors help maintain the position of the body and its parts?

A

Proprioceptors

109
Q

Muscle spindles detect what?

A

Muscle movement

110
Q

In the tendons that attach muscle to bone, the Golgi tendon organs determine what?

A

Stretch in the tendons

111
Q

What kind of receptors detect movement in the ligaments?

A

Joint receptors

112
Q

Sensory receptors transduce the energy of a stimulus into what?

A

Electrical signals

113
Q

What transduces touch, pressure, gravity, stretching, and movement directly into electrical signals?

A

Mechanoreceptors

114
Q

What sensory receptors would respond if you spilt hot coffee on your lap?

A

Thermoreceptors and nociceptors

115
Q

What is the layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels that nourish the retina called?

A

The choroid

116
Q

An abnormal accumulation of something increases the pressure in the eye, causing optic and nerve damage and resulting in glaucoma. What is this something?

A

Aqueous humor

117
Q

Which part of the eye refracts light rays coming into the eye to bring them to a focus on the retina?

A

The lens

118
Q

Photoreceptors synapse on which cells?

A

Bipolar cells

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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