Chapter 8 - Workbook Flashcards
An internal or external change we detect in our environment is called what?
A stimulus
What are the 4 complex sense organs?
Eyes, ears, nose, and taste buds
A sensory receptor absorbs a small amount of energy from some stimulus in the environment and converts it into electrical energy. What is this process known as?
Energy transduction
The sensory neuron transmits signals to the CNS where what takes place?
Integration
A receptor potential is also known as what?
A graded response
Each type of sensory receptor normally responds to how many types of stimulus?
1 kind of stimulus
The intensity of a stimulus is coded by the frequency of something transmitted by a given fibre. What is the something?
Action potentials
Would a painful backache involve a greater or lesser frequency of action potentials than a minor scratch?
A greater frequency
A decrease in the frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron even though the stimulus is maintained is called what?
Sensory adaptation
What is the process of selecting, interpreting, and organizing sensory information called?
Sensory perception
Which receptors transduce light energy?
Photoreceptors
Which receptors respond to heat and cold?
Thermoreceptors
Which receptors transduce chemical compounds?
Chemoreceptors
Which receptors respond to pain?
Nociceptors
Which receptors transduce mechanical energy, like touch, pressure, and gravity?
Mechanoreceptors
What is the tough, fibrous white of the eye?
Sclera
Which glands produce tears?
Lacrimal
Whats blood vessels nourish the retina?
The choroid
What regulates the amount of light entering the eye?
The iris
What kind of vision helps us judge distance and depth?
Binocular vision
What is the opening in the centre of the circular muscles of the iris called?
The pupil
What is the transparent layer that covers the iris and pupil called?
The cornea
What is the mucous membrane that covers the sclera called?
The conjunctiva
What lines the inner layer of the eyelid?
The conjunctiva
The anterior cavity between the cornea and the lens is filled with a watery substance called what?
The aqueous humour
The larger posterior cavity between the lens and the retina is filled with a viscous fluid called what?
The vitreous humour
What does the iris regulate?
The amount of light entering the eye
What is composed of two mutually antagonistic sets of smooth muscle fibres in the eye?
The iris
An adjustable, transparent, elastic ball that lies just behind the iris is called what?
The lens
The lens refracts the light rays coming into the eye and brings them to a focus on what?
The retina
How many extrinsic muscles control eye movement by positioning the eyeball with coordinated and precise actions?
6
Which 6 muscles control eye movement?
Extrinsic muscles
The eye has the ability to change focus for near or far vision by changing the shape of the lens. What is this called?
Accommodation
Accommodation is the function of what muscle?
Ciliary muscle
Glandlike folds that project towards the lens and secrete aqueous humour are called what?
Ciliary processes
What is the region of sharpest vision and has the greatest concentration of cones?
The fovea
The lateral geniculate nucleus controls which information is sent to where?
Primary visual cortex
What is an X-shaped structure where optic nerves cross the floor of the hypothalamus?
The optic chiasm
The breakdown of what pigment leads to transduction of light and transmission of neural signals?
Rhodopsin
What is responsible for colour vision and vision during daylight?
Cones
Which nerve transmits touch and pain information from eye to brain?
Trigeminal nerve
What is the innermost layer of the eye that contains photoreceptors?
Retina
Axons of ganglion cells across the retina surface unite to form what?
Optic nerve
Bipolar cells make synaptic contact with what cells?
Ganglion cells
What is responsible mainly for vision in dim light or darkness?
Rods
Photoreceptors synapse at which cells?
Bipolar cells
What is another name for the blind spot?
The optic disc
The area where the optic nerve passes out of the eyeball is called what?
The optic disc
What part of the ear projects from the side of the head and surrounds the ear canal?
The pinna
What is another name for the ear canal?
The external auditory meatus
What is another name for earwax?
Cerumen
What kind of glands line the ear canal?
Ceruminous glands
What is another name for the eardrum?
The tympanic membrane
What separates the middle ear from the external ear?
The eardrum
Which bone is the middle ear in?
The temporal bone
How many bones are in the middle ear?
3
What are the 3 bones in the middle ear called?
Ossicles
Air pressure is equalized on both sides of the tympanic membrane by what?
The eustachian tube
The eustachian tube connects what?
The middle ear and the nasopharynx
What are the names of the three auditory ossicles?
The malleus, incus, and stapes
What is the purpose of the three auditory ossicles?
To amplify the vibrations coming from the tympanic membrane
What kind of receptors are within the inner ear?
Mechanoreceptors
What is the job of the mechanoreceptors in the inner ear?
Convert sound waves to nerve impulses and receptors that maintain equilibrium.
The inner ear is a bony labyrinth composed of what three compartments?
The vestibule, the cochlea, and the semicircular canals
Where is the vestibule located?
In the inner ear, beside the oval window
What fluid is within the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
What fluid is within the membranous labyrinth?
Endolymph
What is the sound receptor contained in the cochlea?
The round window
What is the canal connected to the tympanic canal at the apex of the cochlea?
The vestibular canal
Which neurotransmitter binds to receptors on sensory neurons that synapse on each hair cell?
Glutamate
What is the snail-shaped portion of of the inner ear?
The cochlea
How many canals are in the cochlea?
Three
What is the middle canal that contains the organ of Corti called?
The cochlear duct
What is the name of the tiny projections that extend into the cochlear duct called?
Stereocilia
Which nerve transmits messages to the brain?
The cochlear nerve
What separates the cochlear duct from the tympanic canal?
The basilar membrane
What is the membrane at the end of the tympanic canal called?
The organ of Corti
The number of vibrations per second is referred to as what?
Frequency
What are the units that frequency is expressed in?
Hertz (Hz)
Pitch depends on what?
The frequency of sound waves
Loud sounds cause waves of greater what?
Amplitude
Which two pieces of the ear contain receptor cells that transmit information about the position of the body?
The vestibule and the semicircular canals
What are the names of the two saclike structures that house the otoliths?
The saccule and the utricle
What are the gravity detectors in the form of small calcium carbonate ear stones called?
Otoliths
Each receptor cell has a group of hair cells that are surrounded at the tips by a gelatinous mass called what?
Cupula
The three semicircular canals provide information about turning movements, referred to as what?
Angular acceleration
What is located at the openings of each canal into the utricle?
Ampulla’s
A clump of hair cells that lies within each ampulla is called what?
Crista
As the position of the head changes, something in the ear moves in relation to the fluid in the canals. What is this something called?
Stereocilia
Responses of the sensory cells in the semicircular canals are transmitted to the vestibular nerve, which joins the cochlear nerve to form what?
The vestibulocochlear nerve
What lines the upper part of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium
What detects chemical substances in the air, food, and water?
Chemoreceptors
What transmits odours detected by the olfactory epithelium?
The olfactory nerve
What is the sense of taste carried out by taste buds called?
Gustation
What are the tiny elevations on the tongue that contain taste buds called?
Papillae
What are the five main tastes?
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami
What is the taste of savoriness called?
Umami
What is an oval epithelial capsule with about 100 receptor cells called?
A taste bud
Mechanoreceptors that detect touch and pressure stimulated by objects that contact the bodies surface are called what?
Free nerve endings
What kind of receptors located in the skin sense light touch and pressure, heavy and continuous touch and pressure, and deep pressure?
Tactile receptors
Thermoreceptors are especially concentrated in what?
The lips and the mouth
Thermoreceptors detect internal changes from the body surface. Where are these thermoreceptors located?
The hypothalamus
The principal ascending pain pathway is called what?
The spinothalamic tract
Where in the brain does pain perception begin?
The thalamus
What is another word for pain control?
Analgesia
What does the body make to help with pain control?
Opiates
To decrease transmission of pain signals up the spinal cord, opiates inhibit the release of what?
Substance P
What kind of receptors help maintain the position of the body and its parts?
Proprioceptors
Muscle spindles detect what?
Muscle movement
In the tendons that attach muscle to bone, the Golgi tendon organs determine what?
Stretch in the tendons
What kind of receptors detect movement in the ligaments?
Joint receptors
Sensory receptors transduce the energy of a stimulus into what?
Electrical signals
What transduces touch, pressure, gravity, stretching, and movement directly into electrical signals?
Mechanoreceptors
What sensory receptors would respond if you spilt hot coffee on your lap?
Thermoreceptors and nociceptors
What is the layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels that nourish the retina called?
The choroid
An abnormal accumulation of something increases the pressure in the eye, causing optic and nerve damage and resulting in glaucoma. What is this something?
Aqueous humor
Which part of the eye refracts light rays coming into the eye to bring them to a focus on the retina?
The lens
Photoreceptors synapse on which cells?
Bipolar cells
