Chapter 16 - Workbook Flashcards
What is a fluid containing water, nitrogenous wastes, and salts produced and excreted by the kidneys?
Urine
What helps regulate the volume and composition of body fluids?
Urinary System
What is discharge from the body of metabolic waste products and excess solutes called?
Excretion
What are the principal organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
What is a discharge of undigested or unabsorbed food from the digestive tract called?
Elimination
What is a hormone that regulates production of red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
What is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?
Uric acid
What excretes 5-10% of all metabolic wastes?
Sweat glands
What enzyme is important for regulating blood pressure?
Renin
What removes metabolic wastes, excess water, and salts from the blood and produce urine?
The kidneys
What stores urine until it is discharged from the body?
Urinary bladder
Where is urine discharged through?
The urethra
The kidneys are located behind which lining of the abdominal cavity?
Peritoneum
Because the kidneys are located behind the peritoneum lining of the abdominal cavity, how are they described to be?
retroperitoneal
Where in the body are the kidneys located?
Below the diaphragm and are protected by the lower ribs
Where does each kidney receive blood from?
a renal artery
What is each kidney’s blood drained by?
A renal vein
What is the notch on the medial border of the kidneys, that connect the ureters and blood vessels to the kidneys?
The hilus
What is the tough casing of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys?
The renal cortex
What is the inner layer of the kidneys called?
The renal medulla
What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?
The renal papilla
Each renal papilla has several pores called what?
Collecting ducts
Urine passes from each collecting duct through a renal papilla into a small tube called what?
A minor calyx
Several minor calyces unite to form what?
A major calyx
What is a large cavity formed by major calyces that urine flows through as it is produced?
The renal pelvis
What is a long, partially coiled tube of the nephron?
The renal tubule
What is a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus?
Bowman’s capsule
What is a microscopic unit that filters blood and produces urine?
Nephron
What carries blood from the glomerulus to peritubular capillaries?
The efferent arteriole
What is a cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle?
The glomerulus
What is the coiled, first part of the renal tubule?
The proximal convoluted tubule
Blood is filtered in which part of the nephron?
The renal corpuscle
What is filtered fluid from renal corpuscle?
Filtrate
What surrounds the renal tubule?
Peritubular capillaries
What transports blood into the glomerulus?
Afferent arteriole
Where does filtrate flow after leaving the proximal convoluted tubule?
Loop of Henle
Part of the distal convoluted tubule curves upward and contacts and afferent arteriole forming what?
The juxtaglomerular apparatus
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete?
Renin
What is the function of renin?
Regulating blood pressure
How is urine forced through the ureters?
Peristaltic contractions
Where do ureters deliver urine to?
The bladder
In the bladder, what are the folds within it called?
Rugae
How much urine can the bladder hold?
800mL
Urine leaves the bladder and flows through what that leads to the outside of the body?
The urethra
What is urination also called?
Micturition
How full must the bladder be to stimulate the stretch receptors?
300mL
What happens to the body when the fluid intake is low?
It dehydrates
What happens when the body begins to dehydrate?
The concentration of dissolved salts increases as the volume of the blood decreases
What happens to the pressure of the blood as the blood salt concentration increases?
It increases
Receptors in the hypothalamus signal the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release what?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What happens when ADH transmits information from the brain to the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts of the kidneys?
The walls of the ducts more permeable to water, so more water is reabsorbed into the blood
What happens to the blood and blood pressure when a large amount of fluid is consumed?
Blood becomes diluted and pressure falls
What in the brain releases ADH?
The pituitary gland
What is it called when the pituitary gland does not produce enough ADH so water is not efficiently absorbed, resulting in a large amount of urine production.
Diabetes insipidus
What are coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages considered to be?
Diuretics
What do diuretics do?
Inhibits water reabsorption, which increases urine volume.
Renin acts on plasma protein converting it to be which prehormone?
Angiotensin 1
Aldosterone action results in a lower volume of what?
Urine
What regulates salt excretion?
Aldosterone
Cells of this secrete renin when blood pressure falls.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Hormone product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.
Angiotensin 2
Converts angiotensin 1 to its active form (angiotensin 2)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
What secretes aldosterone?
Adrenal cortex
What blocks the production of angiotensin 2, and is used to decrease blood pressure?
ACE Inhibitors
What hormone increases sodium excretion and decreases blood pressure?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
All the chemical reactions in the body take place in what?
A watery medium
A solvent is a dissolving agent of what?
A solution
The substances dissolved in a solution are called what?
Solutes
What are the two principal compartments of body fluid?
The intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment
How much of body fluid is intercellular fluid?
2/3
How much of the body fluid is extracellular fluid?
1/3
Dehydration stimulates the thirst centre in what part of the brain?
The hypothalamus
What is the general term for negatively charged ions?
Anions
What are electrically charged particles called?
Ions
What kind of ions is important for nerve and muscle tissue function, and in maintaining fluid volume within cells?
Potassium ions
Compounds such as inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in a solution are called what?
Electrolytes
What is a general term for positively charged ions?
Cations
What ion is found mainly in intracellular fluid and bone, and is important for the development of bones and teeth?
Magnesium ions
What ions are needed to transmit impulses in neurons and muscle fibres?
Sodium ions
What kind of ion is an important cation component of bones and teeth, as well as clotting?
Calcium ions
What ions help regulate differences in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments?
Chloride ions
What ions are most abundant in intracellular ions, and is needed to make ATP, DNA, and RNA?
Phosphate ions
Lower pH values reflect a higher hydrogen ion concentration and indicate a stronger what?
Acidity
What is another name for “more basic”?
Alkalinity
Describe the pH of blood.
Slightly alkaline with a pH of about 7.4
What is a substance called that minimizes changes in ph when an acid or a base is added to a solution?
A chemical buffer
What are the main buffering systems in the body called?
The bicarbonate buffer system and the phosphate buffer system
What is the name of any condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration of plasma is elevated above the homeostatic range?
Acidosis
What is it called when carbon dioxide is produced more rapidly than it is excreted by the lungs?
Respiratory acidosis
_____ _____ refers to any acidosis that is not caused by the respiratory system.
Metabolic acidosis
What are two examples of metabolic acidosis?
- Excessive exercise causing a lactic acid buildup
2. Severe diarrhoea from loss of bicarbonate ions.
What is the condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration is below the homeostatic range?
Alkalosis
What are two metabolic waste products?
Urea and water
Each renal capsule consists of what?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
