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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 16 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

What is a fluid containing water, nitrogenous wastes, and salts produced and excreted by the kidneys?

A

Urine

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2
Q

What helps regulate the volume and composition of body fluids?

A

Urinary System

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3
Q

What is discharge from the body of metabolic waste products and excess solutes called?

A

Excretion

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4
Q

What are the principal organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

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5
Q

What is a discharge of undigested or unabsorbed food from the digestive tract called?

A

Elimination

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6
Q

What is a hormone that regulates production of red blood cells?

A

Erythropoietin

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7
Q

What is formed from the breakdown of nucleic acids?

A

Uric acid

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8
Q

What excretes 5-10% of all metabolic wastes?

A

Sweat glands

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9
Q

What enzyme is important for regulating blood pressure?

A

Renin

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10
Q

What removes metabolic wastes, excess water, and salts from the blood and produce urine?

A

The kidneys

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11
Q

What stores urine until it is discharged from the body?

A

Urinary bladder

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12
Q

Where is urine discharged through?

A

The urethra

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13
Q

The kidneys are located behind which lining of the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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14
Q

Because the kidneys are located behind the peritoneum lining of the abdominal cavity, how are they described to be?

A

retroperitoneal

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15
Q

Where in the body are the kidneys located?

A

Below the diaphragm and are protected by the lower ribs

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16
Q

Where does each kidney receive blood from?

A

a renal artery

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17
Q

What is each kidney’s blood drained by?

A

A renal vein

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18
Q

What is the notch on the medial border of the kidneys, that connect the ureters and blood vessels to the kidneys?

A

The hilus

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19
Q

What is the tough casing of fibrous connective tissue covering the kidneys?

A

The renal cortex

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20
Q

What is the inner layer of the kidneys called?

A

The renal medulla

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21
Q

What is the tip of the renal pyramid called?

A

The renal papilla

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22
Q

Each renal papilla has several pores called what?

A

Collecting ducts

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23
Q

Urine passes from each collecting duct through a renal papilla into a small tube called what?

A

A minor calyx

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24
Q

Several minor calyces unite to form what?

A

A major calyx

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25
Q

What is a large cavity formed by major calyces that urine flows through as it is produced?

A

The renal pelvis

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26
Q

What is a long, partially coiled tube of the nephron?

A

The renal tubule

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27
Q

What is a cuplike structure surrounding the glomerulus?

A

Bowman’s capsule

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28
Q

What is a microscopic unit that filters blood and produces urine?

A

Nephron

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29
Q

What carries blood from the glomerulus to peritubular capillaries?

A

The efferent arteriole

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30
Q

What is a cluster of capillaries in the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus

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31
Q

What is the coiled, first part of the renal tubule?

A

The proximal convoluted tubule

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32
Q

Blood is filtered in which part of the nephron?

A

The renal corpuscle

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33
Q

What is filtered fluid from renal corpuscle?

A

Filtrate

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34
Q

What surrounds the renal tubule?

A

Peritubular capillaries

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35
Q

What transports blood into the glomerulus?

A

Afferent arteriole

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36
Q

Where does filtrate flow after leaving the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Loop of Henle

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37
Q

Part of the distal convoluted tubule curves upward and contacts and afferent arteriole forming what?

A

The juxtaglomerular apparatus

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38
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete?

A

Renin

39
Q

What is the function of renin?

A

Regulating blood pressure

40
Q

How is urine forced through the ureters?

A

Peristaltic contractions

41
Q

Where do ureters deliver urine to?

A

The bladder

42
Q

In the bladder, what are the folds within it called?

A

Rugae

43
Q

How much urine can the bladder hold?

A

800mL

44
Q

Urine leaves the bladder and flows through what that leads to the outside of the body?

A

The urethra

45
Q

What is urination also called?

A

Micturition

46
Q

How full must the bladder be to stimulate the stretch receptors?

A

300mL

47
Q

What happens to the body when the fluid intake is low?

A

It dehydrates

48
Q

What happens when the body begins to dehydrate?

A

The concentration of dissolved salts increases as the volume of the blood decreases

49
Q

What happens to the pressure of the blood as the blood salt concentration increases?

A

It increases

50
Q

Receptors in the hypothalamus signal the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release what?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

51
Q

What happens when ADH transmits information from the brain to the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

A

The walls of the ducts more permeable to water, so more water is reabsorbed into the blood

52
Q

What happens to the blood and blood pressure when a large amount of fluid is consumed?

A

Blood becomes diluted and pressure falls

53
Q

What in the brain releases ADH?

A

The pituitary gland

54
Q

What is it called when the pituitary gland does not produce enough ADH so water is not efficiently absorbed, resulting in a large amount of urine production.

A

Diabetes insipidus

55
Q

What are coffee, tea, and alcoholic beverages considered to be?

A

Diuretics

56
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

Inhibits water reabsorption, which increases urine volume.

57
Q

Renin acts on plasma protein converting it to be which prehormone?

A

Angiotensin 1

58
Q

Aldosterone action results in a lower volume of what?

A

Urine

59
Q

What regulates salt excretion?

A

Aldosterone

60
Q

Cells of this secrete renin when blood pressure falls.

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

61
Q

Hormone product of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway.

A

Angiotensin 2

62
Q

Converts angiotensin 1 to its active form (angiotensin 2)

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

63
Q

What secretes aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

64
Q

What blocks the production of angiotensin 2, and is used to decrease blood pressure?

A

ACE Inhibitors

65
Q

What hormone increases sodium excretion and decreases blood pressure?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

66
Q

All the chemical reactions in the body take place in what?

A

A watery medium

67
Q

A solvent is a dissolving agent of what?

A

A solution

68
Q

The substances dissolved in a solution are called what?

A

Solutes

69
Q

What are the two principal compartments of body fluid?

A

The intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment

70
Q

How much of body fluid is intercellular fluid?

A

2/3

71
Q

How much of the body fluid is extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

72
Q

Dehydration stimulates the thirst centre in what part of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus

73
Q

What is the general term for negatively charged ions?

A

Anions

74
Q

What are electrically charged particles called?

A

Ions

75
Q

What kind of ions is important for nerve and muscle tissue function, and in maintaining fluid volume within cells?

A

Potassium ions

76
Q

Compounds such as inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in a solution are called what?

A

Electrolytes

77
Q

What is a general term for positively charged ions?

A

Cations

78
Q

What ion is found mainly in intracellular fluid and bone, and is important for the development of bones and teeth?

A

Magnesium ions

79
Q

What ions are needed to transmit impulses in neurons and muscle fibres?

A

Sodium ions

80
Q

What kind of ion is an important cation component of bones and teeth, as well as clotting?

A

Calcium ions

81
Q

What ions help regulate differences in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments?

A

Chloride ions

82
Q

What ions are most abundant in intracellular ions, and is needed to make ATP, DNA, and RNA?

A

Phosphate ions

83
Q

Lower pH values reflect a higher hydrogen ion concentration and indicate a stronger what?

A

Acidity

84
Q

What is another name for “more basic”?

A

Alkalinity

85
Q

Describe the pH of blood.

A

Slightly alkaline with a pH of about 7.4

86
Q

What is a substance called that minimizes changes in ph when an acid or a base is added to a solution?

A

A chemical buffer

87
Q

What are the main buffering systems in the body called?

A

The bicarbonate buffer system and the phosphate buffer system

88
Q

What is the name of any condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration of plasma is elevated above the homeostatic range?

A

Acidosis

89
Q

What is it called when carbon dioxide is produced more rapidly than it is excreted by the lungs?

A

Respiratory acidosis

90
Q

_____ _____ refers to any acidosis that is not caused by the respiratory system.

A

Metabolic acidosis

91
Q

What are two examples of metabolic acidosis?

A
  1. Excessive exercise causing a lactic acid buildup

2. Severe diarrhoea from loss of bicarbonate ions.

92
Q

What is the condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration is below the homeostatic range?

A

Alkalosis

93
Q

What are two metabolic waste products?

A

Urea and water

94
Q

Each renal capsule consists of what?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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