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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 15 - Workbook > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Workbook Flashcards

1
Q

What are the substances in food that the body uses?

A

Nutrients

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2
Q

Taking food into mouth, chewing it, and swallowing it

A

Ingestion

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3
Q

Removal of undigested and absorbed food from the body

A

Elimination

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4
Q

Transport of digested food through the stomach wall or intestine and into the circulatory system

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Process of taking in and using food

A

Nutrition

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6
Q

Digestion by breaking down large molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller molecules that can be absorbed from the digestive tract and used by cells

A

Chemical

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7
Q

System that digests food, breaking it down into smaller molecules and ions for absorption and delivery to cells

A

Digestive System

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8
Q

Chemical catalyst, typically a specific protein

A

Enzyme

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9
Q

Breakdown of food into smaller molecules

A

Digestion

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10
Q

Digestion process of breaking down pieces of food by chewing, and by churning and mixing movements in the stomach

A

Mechanical

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11
Q

8m tube extending from mouth to anus; digestive tract

A

Alimentary Canal

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12
Q

Digestive tract below the diaphragm

A

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)

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13
Q

The order of the digestive tract

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Anus
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14
Q

What are the three types of accessory digestive glands?

A

Salivary Gland
Liver
Pancreas

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15
Q

What are not part of the digestive tract but secrete digestive juices?

A

Salivary Gland
Liver
Pancreas

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16
Q

How many layers are in the digestive tract wall?

A

4

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17
Q

What is the thin lining of the digestive tract, consists of epithelial tissue resting on a layer of loose connective tissue?

A

Mucosa

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18
Q

What two tissues make up the Mucosa?

A

Epithelial + Connective

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19
Q

What is repeatedly folded in the stomach and small intestine significantly increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption?

A

Mucosa

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20
Q

What is specialized in different areas for protection of underlying tissues, secretion of mucus or digestive juices, or absorption of nutrients?

A

Epithelium

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21
Q

What is rich in blood vessels and nerves, it is a layer of connective tissue beneath the musoca?

A

Submusoca

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22
Q

What surrounds the Submucosa in two sublayers of smooth muscle?

A

Muscularis

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23
Q

The muscularis is made up of what two sublayers?

A

Smooth muscle

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24
Q

A muscle that contracts in a wavelike motion is called ___________

A

Peristalsis

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25
Q

What pushes food along through the digestive tract?

A

Muscularis in peristalsis movement

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26
Q

What type of tissue is the outer layer of the digestive tract made of?

A

Connective

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27
Q

What is the connective tissue on the outer layer of the digestive tract called?

A

Adventitia

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28
Q

What is the space called between the visceral and the parietal peritoneum?

A

Peritoneal Cavity

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29
Q

What is a large fan-shaped double-fold of paritoneal tissue, extends from the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the small intestine?

A

Mesentery

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30
Q

The mensentery anchors the intestine to the ____________

A

posterior abdominal wall

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31
Q

What is a fatty apron, which is a double-fold of peritoneum attached to the stomach and intestine that hangs down over the intestine

A

greater omentum

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32
Q

What contains large fat deposits and lymph nodes that help protect the peritoneum from infection?

A

greater omentum

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33
Q

What suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver?

A

lesser omentum

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34
Q

What is another fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

mescolon

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35
Q

Tooth area above the gum

A

crown

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36
Q

Pushes food about to aid chewing and swallowing; oral cavity

A

tongue

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37
Q

Posterior teeth modified for grinding and crushing

A

molars

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38
Q

Break down food mechanically; adults have 32 of them

A

teeth

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39
Q

Adult teeth; 32 in number

A

Permanent Teeth

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40
Q

Ingests food and begins the process of digestion

A

mouth

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41
Q

Calcified connective tissue; imparts shape and rigidity to teeth

A

Dentin

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42
Q

Tooth area beneath the gum line

A

Root

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43
Q

Tough covering on a tooth crown

A

Enamel

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44
Q

Passes through the root of the tooth

A

Root Canal

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45
Q

20 in number; full set present by about 2 years of age

A

Deciduous

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46
Q

Specialized for biting and cutting

A

Incisors

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47
Q

Extremely sensitive connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves

A

Pulp

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48
Q

Assist incisors in biting

A

Canine

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49
Q

What do the salivary glands produce?

A

Saliva

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50
Q

What does the saliva consist of?

A

Salivary amylase and mucus secretion

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51
Q

A digestive enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of starches; large carbohydrates

A

Salivary Amylase

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52
Q

What lubricates the mouth?

A

mucus secretion

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53
Q

What does saliva lubricate?

A

mouth and pharynx

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54
Q

Saliva helps the tongue convert a mouthful of food into a semisolid mass called ________

A

bolus

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55
Q

What are the largest salivary glands located in the tissue anterior and posterior to the ears?

A

Parotid

56
Q

Where does the submandilar gland lie below?

A

the jaw

57
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

under the tongue

58
Q

During swallowing the bolus is forces into the _________ by the tongue

A

oropharynx

59
Q

What prevents food from entering the respiratory passageways?

A

Epiglottis

60
Q

What hangs down between the oropharynx and nasopharynx?

A

soft palete

61
Q

The soft palete is a posterior extension of the bony ________

A

hard palete

62
Q

What is the hard palete?

A

roof of the mouth

63
Q

Reflex contractions of muscle in the pharynx and esophageal walls are called ________

A

paristalsis

64
Q

What propels the bolus through the pharynx and then the esophagus?

A

paristalsis

65
Q

When a peristaltic wave passes down the esophagus which muscle relaxes and permits the bolus to enter the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter

66
Q

Extended deep into the stomach wall; contains parietal cells

A

gastric glands

67
Q

Needed for adequate absorption of vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor

68
Q

Enzyme that begins digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

69
Q

Large muscular organ that mashes and churns food

A

stomach

70
Q

Strong ring of muscle at the exit of the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

71
Q

Folds in lining of empty stomach

A

Rugae

72
Q

Secreted by chief cells

A

Pepsinogen

73
Q

Secrete hydrochloric acid and instrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

74
Q

Kills bacteria and breaks down connective tissues in meat

A

hydrochloric acid

75
Q

Soupy mixture of converted food

A

Chyme

76
Q

Where does most digestion take place in?

A

Small intestine (duodenum)

77
Q

The first 22cm of the small intestine make up the ___________

A

Duodenum

78
Q

What part of the small intestine is curved like the letter C?

A

Duodenum

79
Q

As the small intestine turns downward that extends for about 2 meters, what is it called?

A

Jejunum

80
Q

What is the third part of the small intestine, which is about 3.5 meters long?

A

Ileum

81
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine starting from the beginning?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

82
Q

What are tiny fingerlike projections that line the small intestine?

A

Villi

83
Q

What increases the surface area of the small intestine increasing the digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

Villi

84
Q

What are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of each of the epithelial cells of the villi?

A

microvilli

85
Q

What extend downward into the mucosa between adjacent villi?

A

Intestinal Gland

86
Q

The intestinal gland secrete large amounts fluid to help keep the _________ in a fluid state so that nutrients can be easily absorbed

A

chyme

87
Q

What secretes alkaline mucus in the mucosa?

A

goblet cells

88
Q

What helps protect the intestinal wall from the acidic chyme and from the action of digestive enzymes?

A

alkaline mucus

89
Q

What releases digestive juices into the duodenum?

A

liver and pancreas

90
Q

Enzymes produced in the epithelial cells lining complete the job of breaking down food molecules for___________

A

absorption

91
Q

What gland lies above the abdomen posterior to the stomach?

A

pancreas

92
Q

The pancreatic duct from the pancreas joins the ____________ leaving the liver to form a single duct that enters into the duodenum

A

Bile duct

93
Q

What is both a exocrine and endocrine gland?

A

Pancreas

94
Q

The pancreas endocrine cells secrete what two things?

A

insulin and glucagon

95
Q

The pancreas exocrine cells secrete what?

A

pancreatic juice

96
Q

What contains a number of digestive enzymes?

A

pancreatic juice

97
Q

What regulates glucose concentration?

A

insulin and glucagon

98
Q

Delivers nutrients absorbed from the intestine

A

hepatic portal vein

99
Q

Bile is stored and concentrated here

A

gall bladder

100
Q

Hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile

A

cholecystokinin

101
Q

Secretion important in the mechanical digestion of fats

A

bile

102
Q

Largest organ inside the body; secretes bile

A

liver

103
Q

Cystic duct from the gallbladder and hepatic duct from the liver form this

A

common bile duct

104
Q

Brings oxygen-rich blood to the liver

A

hepatic artery

105
Q

Released from hemoglobin and secreted into bile

A

bilirubin

106
Q

What breaks down maltose into glucose?

A

maltase

107
Q

Starch is broken down into smaller carbohydrates and this sugar

A

maltose

108
Q

Sucrose and lactose are broken down to simple sugars in the ________

A

duodenum

109
Q

Indigestible starch in the cell walls of plants

A

cellulose

110
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch?

A

salivary amylase

111
Q

What breaks down triglycerides or fat molecules to free fatty acids and glycerol?

A

pancreatic lipase

112
Q

During protein digestion _______ are broken and free amino acids are released

A

peptide bonds

113
Q

Where does protein digestion begin in?

A

stomach

114
Q

Smaller proteins of pepsin are called _________

A

polypeptides

115
Q

What breaks down proteins and polypeptides to smaller peptides?

A

trypsin

116
Q

Peptides are digested by enzymes called ________

A

peptidase

117
Q

What are the end products of protein digestion?

A

free amino acids

118
Q

What is digestion regulated by?

A

nerves and hormones

119
Q

What 4 GI hormones are important in food processing?

A

Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and GIP

120
Q

Extends across the abdomen below the liver and stomach

A

transverse colon

121
Q

Part of the large intestine from cecum to rectum

A

Colon

122
Q

Last 12cm of the digestive tract; includes the anal canal

A

rectum

123
Q

Expels feces

A

defecate

124
Q

Worm-shaped blind tube, hangs down from the end of the cecum

A

vermiform appendix

125
Q

All of the microorganisms that live on or in the body

A

microbiome

126
Q

Pouch where the small and large intestine join

A

cecum

127
Q

Turns downward and empties into the S-shaped sigmoid colon

A

descending colon

128
Q

Extends from the cecum straight up to the lower border of liver

A

ascending colon

129
Q

Sphincter muscle controlling chyme flow into the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve

130
Q

Opening for elimination of feces; end of the digestive tract

A

anus

131
Q

_________ is the rate at which the body releases heat at rest

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

132
Q

What regulates energy metabolism and food intake?

A

hypothalamus

133
Q

What are the sequential steps in digesting food?

A

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

134
Q

Three types of accessory glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive system

A

salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

135
Q

What are two important folds of the peritoneum?

A

mesocolon and greater omentum

Anatomy and Physiology (19 decks)

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