Chapter 15 - Workbook Flashcards
What are the substances in food that the body uses?
Nutrients
Taking food into mouth, chewing it, and swallowing it
Ingestion
Removal of undigested and absorbed food from the body
Elimination
Transport of digested food through the stomach wall or intestine and into the circulatory system
Absorption
Process of taking in and using food
Nutrition
Digestion by breaking down large molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller molecules that can be absorbed from the digestive tract and used by cells
Chemical
System that digests food, breaking it down into smaller molecules and ions for absorption and delivery to cells
Digestive System
Chemical catalyst, typically a specific protein
Enzyme
Breakdown of food into smaller molecules
Digestion
Digestion process of breaking down pieces of food by chewing, and by churning and mixing movements in the stomach
Mechanical
8m tube extending from mouth to anus; digestive tract
Alimentary Canal
Digestive tract below the diaphragm
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI)
The order of the digestive tract
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus
What are the three types of accessory digestive glands?
Salivary Gland
Liver
Pancreas
What are not part of the digestive tract but secrete digestive juices?
Salivary Gland
Liver
Pancreas
How many layers are in the digestive tract wall?
4
What is the thin lining of the digestive tract, consists of epithelial tissue resting on a layer of loose connective tissue?
Mucosa
What two tissues make up the Mucosa?
Epithelial + Connective
What is repeatedly folded in the stomach and small intestine significantly increasing the surface area for digestion and absorption?
Mucosa
What is specialized in different areas for protection of underlying tissues, secretion of mucus or digestive juices, or absorption of nutrients?
Epithelium
What is rich in blood vessels and nerves, it is a layer of connective tissue beneath the musoca?
Submusoca
What surrounds the Submucosa in two sublayers of smooth muscle?
Muscularis
The muscularis is made up of what two sublayers?
Smooth muscle
A muscle that contracts in a wavelike motion is called ___________
Peristalsis
What pushes food along through the digestive tract?
Muscularis in peristalsis movement
What type of tissue is the outer layer of the digestive tract made of?
Connective
What is the connective tissue on the outer layer of the digestive tract called?
Adventitia
What is the space called between the visceral and the parietal peritoneum?
Peritoneal Cavity
What is a large fan-shaped double-fold of paritoneal tissue, extends from the parietal peritoneum and attaches to the small intestine?
Mesentery
The mensentery anchors the intestine to the ____________
posterior abdominal wall
What is a fatty apron, which is a double-fold of peritoneum attached to the stomach and intestine that hangs down over the intestine
greater omentum
What contains large fat deposits and lymph nodes that help protect the peritoneum from infection?
greater omentum
What suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver?
lesser omentum
What is another fold of peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall?
mescolon
Tooth area above the gum
crown
Pushes food about to aid chewing and swallowing; oral cavity
tongue
Posterior teeth modified for grinding and crushing
molars
Break down food mechanically; adults have 32 of them
teeth
Adult teeth; 32 in number
Permanent Teeth
Ingests food and begins the process of digestion
mouth
Calcified connective tissue; imparts shape and rigidity to teeth
Dentin
Tooth area beneath the gum line
Root
Tough covering on a tooth crown
Enamel
Passes through the root of the tooth
Root Canal
20 in number; full set present by about 2 years of age
Deciduous
Specialized for biting and cutting
Incisors
Extremely sensitive connective tissue containing blood vessels and nerves
Pulp
Assist incisors in biting
Canine
What do the salivary glands produce?
Saliva
What does the saliva consist of?
Salivary amylase and mucus secretion
A digestive enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of starches; large carbohydrates
Salivary Amylase
What lubricates the mouth?
mucus secretion
What does saliva lubricate?
mouth and pharynx
Saliva helps the tongue convert a mouthful of food into a semisolid mass called ________
bolus
What are the largest salivary glands located in the tissue anterior and posterior to the ears?
Parotid
Where does the submandilar gland lie below?
the jaw
Where are the sublingual glands located?
under the tongue
During swallowing the bolus is forces into the _________ by the tongue
oropharynx
What prevents food from entering the respiratory passageways?
Epiglottis
What hangs down between the oropharynx and nasopharynx?
soft palete
The soft palete is a posterior extension of the bony ________
hard palete
What is the hard palete?
roof of the mouth
Reflex contractions of muscle in the pharynx and esophageal walls are called ________
paristalsis
What propels the bolus through the pharynx and then the esophagus?
paristalsis
When a peristaltic wave passes down the esophagus which muscle relaxes and permits the bolus to enter the stomach?
cardiac sphincter
Extended deep into the stomach wall; contains parietal cells
gastric glands
Needed for adequate absorption of vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
Enzyme that begins digestion of proteins
Pepsin
Large muscular organ that mashes and churns food
stomach
Strong ring of muscle at the exit of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
Folds in lining of empty stomach
Rugae
Secreted by chief cells
Pepsinogen
Secrete hydrochloric acid and instrinsic factor
parietal cells
Kills bacteria and breaks down connective tissues in meat
hydrochloric acid
Soupy mixture of converted food
Chyme
Where does most digestion take place in?
Small intestine (duodenum)
The first 22cm of the small intestine make up the ___________
Duodenum
What part of the small intestine is curved like the letter C?
Duodenum
As the small intestine turns downward that extends for about 2 meters, what is it called?
Jejunum
What is the third part of the small intestine, which is about 3.5 meters long?
Ileum
What are the three parts of the small intestine starting from the beginning?
Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum
What are tiny fingerlike projections that line the small intestine?
Villi
What increases the surface area of the small intestine increasing the digestion and absorption of nutrients?
Villi
What are tiny projections of the plasma membrane of each of the epithelial cells of the villi?
microvilli
What extend downward into the mucosa between adjacent villi?
Intestinal Gland
The intestinal gland secrete large amounts fluid to help keep the _________ in a fluid state so that nutrients can be easily absorbed
chyme
What secretes alkaline mucus in the mucosa?
goblet cells
What helps protect the intestinal wall from the acidic chyme and from the action of digestive enzymes?
alkaline mucus
What releases digestive juices into the duodenum?
liver and pancreas
Enzymes produced in the epithelial cells lining complete the job of breaking down food molecules for___________
absorption
What gland lies above the abdomen posterior to the stomach?
pancreas
The pancreatic duct from the pancreas joins the ____________ leaving the liver to form a single duct that enters into the duodenum
Bile duct
What is both a exocrine and endocrine gland?
Pancreas
The pancreas endocrine cells secrete what two things?
insulin and glucagon
The pancreas exocrine cells secrete what?
pancreatic juice
What contains a number of digestive enzymes?
pancreatic juice
What regulates glucose concentration?
insulin and glucagon
Delivers nutrients absorbed from the intestine
hepatic portal vein
Bile is stored and concentrated here
gall bladder
Hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile
cholecystokinin
Secretion important in the mechanical digestion of fats
bile
Largest organ inside the body; secretes bile
liver
Cystic duct from the gallbladder and hepatic duct from the liver form this
common bile duct
Brings oxygen-rich blood to the liver
hepatic artery
Released from hemoglobin and secreted into bile
bilirubin
What breaks down maltose into glucose?
maltase
Starch is broken down into smaller carbohydrates and this sugar
maltose
Sucrose and lactose are broken down to simple sugars in the ________
duodenum
Indigestible starch in the cell walls of plants
cellulose
What enzyme breaks down starch?
salivary amylase
What breaks down triglycerides or fat molecules to free fatty acids and glycerol?
pancreatic lipase
During protein digestion _______ are broken and free amino acids are released
peptide bonds
Where does protein digestion begin in?
stomach
Smaller proteins of pepsin are called _________
polypeptides
What breaks down proteins and polypeptides to smaller peptides?
trypsin
Peptides are digested by enzymes called ________
peptidase
What are the end products of protein digestion?
free amino acids
What is digestion regulated by?
nerves and hormones
What 4 GI hormones are important in food processing?
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, and GIP
Extends across the abdomen below the liver and stomach
transverse colon
Part of the large intestine from cecum to rectum
Colon
Last 12cm of the digestive tract; includes the anal canal
rectum
Expels feces
defecate
Worm-shaped blind tube, hangs down from the end of the cecum
vermiform appendix
All of the microorganisms that live on or in the body
microbiome
Pouch where the small and large intestine join
cecum
Turns downward and empties into the S-shaped sigmoid colon
descending colon
Extends from the cecum straight up to the lower border of liver
ascending colon
Sphincter muscle controlling chyme flow into the large intestine
ileocecal valve
Opening for elimination of feces; end of the digestive tract
anus
_________ is the rate at which the body releases heat at rest
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
What regulates energy metabolism and food intake?
hypothalamus
What are the sequential steps in digesting food?
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
Three types of accessory glands that secrete digestive juices into the digestive system
salivary glands, pancreas, and liver
What are two important folds of the peritoneum?
mesocolon and greater omentum
