chapter 9 vocab Flashcards
achievement motivation
need to master difficult challenges to outperform others and to meet high standards of excellence
affective forecasting
efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future goals
anorexia
eating disorder in which a person (young female) diets and becomes significantly (15% or more) underweight, yet still feelings fat, continues to starve
approach-approach conflict
conflict situation in which a choice must be made between 2 attractive goals
approach-avoidance conflict
conflict situation in which a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects
arousal theory
theory stating that individuals are motivated to perform behaviors in order to maintain an optimal arousal level (moderate)
avoidance-avoidance conflict
conflict situation in which a choice must be made between 2 unattractive goals
bulimia
eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (high calorie) following by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, excessive exercise
cannon-bard theory of emotion
an emotion-arousing simultaneously triggers 1) physiological response and 2) the subjective experience of emotion
catharsis
emotional release, “releasing” aggressive energy (through action/fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
coronary heart disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in North America
display rules
cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expressions of emotions
drive
internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce the tensions
drive reduction theory
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
emotion
a subjective conscious experience accompanied by bodily arousal and characteristic overt expression
estrogens
sex hormones, like estradril, secreted in greater amounts by female then by males and contributing to female sex characteristics
facial feedback effect
the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger/happy intensifies those feelings
extrinsic motivators
motivation driven by external reward/punishment
glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
health psychology
branch of psychology that investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness
feel good do good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
general adaptation syndrome
selye’s model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages, alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
homeostasis
tendency to maintain a balanced/constant internal state, regulation of any aspect of body chemistry
incentives
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
intrinsic motivators
motivation to complete a behavior because it is internally satisfying to the person
instincts
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
lymphocyte
2 types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
james-lang theory of emotion
our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological response to emotion-arousing stimuli
maslow’s hierarchy of needs
beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs, then psychological needs become active
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
need
internal desire or deficiency that can motivate behavior
obesity
condition of being overweight
opponent-process theory of motivation
one emotions elicits a feeling of the opposite emotion
lymphocyte
2 white blood cells that is part of the immune system
parent investemnt
what each sex invests-terms of energy, time, survival risk and forgone opportunities to produce and nurture offspring
primary drives
innate needs that are found in all humans and animals, vital to survival
polygraph
device that records autonomic fluctuations while a subject is questioned, in an effort to determine whether the subject is telling the truth
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural and endocrine process together affect the immune system and resulting health
refractory period
resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
secondary drives
determined by social factors, money, pride, hunger, social approval
self actualization
concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his/her full potential
psycho-physiological illness
literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, hypertensions and some headaches
set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set, when body falls below this weight, increase in hunger and lower metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
sexual dysfunction
problems with sexual arousal and/ or psychological changes, may cause emotional distress
sexual orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either own’s sex (homosexual) or the other sex (heterosexual)
sexual response cycle
the 4 stages of sexual responding by masters and johnson–excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness/satisfaction with life
stress
process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors that we appraise as threatening challenging
two factor theory
schachter-singer, to experience emotion one must be 1) physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal
testosterone
most important of the male sex hormones, stimulates the growth of male sex organs in the fetus and development of male sex characteristics during puberty
yerkes-dodson law
optimal level of arousal for peak performances, higher arousal=simple task, moderate arousal=complex tasks
