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Psychology > Chapter 2 Vocab - research methods > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Vocab - research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Applied Research

A

type of research that attempts to find practical solutions

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2
Q

Basic research

A

theoretical research mean to increase our scientific knowledge base

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3
Q

Bimodal distribution

A

when data has 2 modes or clusters

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4
Q

Case study

A

an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

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5
Q

Confidentiality

A

information between a patient and a therapist or doctor, cannot be shared, ethical guidelines

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6
Q

Confounding variables

A

unexpected factors that affect your study

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7
Q

Controls

A

a person’s ability/perception of their ability to affect themselves and their environment

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8
Q

Control group

A

no special treatment or manipulation of the tested independent variable, similar subjects to experimental group

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9
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

a numerical index of the degree of relationship between 2 variables

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10
Q

Correlation

A

exists when 2 variables are related to each other

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11
Q

Critical thinking

A

reasoning that does not blindly accept arguments

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12
Q

Debriefing

A

telling participants all the details of the experiment and offering support

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13
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable

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14
Q

descriptive statistics

A

analyze data to help describe, show, or summarize in a meaningful way

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15
Q

Double-blind study

A

participants and researcher don’t know who gets placebo and who gets real drug

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16
Q

Experiment

A

a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under control conditions and observes any changes

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17
Q

Experimental group

A

special treatment, manipulation of independent variable to see effects

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18
Q

Experimental effect

A

tendency of an experimenter to influence the participants or interpret the data

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19
Q

Experimenter bias

A

when the researcher interferes with true results of the a study

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20
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to mold one’s interpretation of the past to fit how events actually happened “i knew it all along”

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21
Q

frequency distribution

A

chart

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22
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

if people know they are being observed or studied, they don’t act naturally

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23
Q

Histogram

A

bars touch, displays numbers

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24
Q

Hypothesis

A

a tentative statement about the relationship between 2 or more variables

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25
Q

independent variable

A

a condition/event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable

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26
Q

inferential statistics

A

used to interpret data and draw conclusions, allows researchers to see if their data supports their hypothesis

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27
Q

Informed consent

A

researchers working with humans need to obtain their consent to participate in an experiment

28
Q

Line of best fit

A

a straight line that best fits data points on a graph

29
Q

Mean

A

the average

30
Q

Measure of central tendency

A

a category of averages, numbers tend to bunch near the middle

31
Q

Measures of variability

A

summary statistic that represents the amount of dispersion in a dataset

32
Q

Median

A

the middle data point

33
Q

Mode

A

the data value that occurs the most in the set

34
Q

naturalistic observation

A

when a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without interfering directly with the subjects

35
Q

Negative skew

A

scores piles up at the high end of the scale (skew left)

36
Q

Normal curve

A

bell shaped distribution, frequency occurrence of many natural phenomena

37
Q

Observer bias

A

researcher’s expectation about their research study

38
Q

Observer effect

A

the recognition that researchers are interacting with the system and changing the phenomena being studied

39
Q

Operational definition

A

describes the actions/operations that will be used to measure or control a variable

40
Q

Outliers

A

values in the data that are very far from the others

41
Q

P-value

A

probability value, how likely your data would’ve occurred differently

42
Q

Participant bias

A

tendency of participants in an experiment to subconsciously/consciously act in a way they think the researcher wants them to act

43
Q

Participant observation

A

the persons/animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study

44
Q

Placebo effect

A

mind’s ability to affect bodily processes

45
Q

Polygon

A

a graph depicting a statistical distribution, made up of lines connecting peaks of adjacent intervals

46
Q

Population

A

a whole group, too large to study, denoted with a N

47
Q

Positive skew

A

scores pile up at the low end of the scale, skewed right

48
Q

Random assignment

A

occurs when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in a study

49
Q

Range

A

the difference between the highest and lowest score in a dataset

50
Q

Reliability

A

the measurement consistency of a test, yield similar scores from repetition

51
Q

Replicate

A

repeating an experiment to see whether the same results are obtained

52
Q

Representative sample

A

a group that closely matches the characteristics of its population as a whole

53
Q

Sampling

A

the process of selecting for a study a limited number of units from a larger set

54
Q

Sampling error

A

differences between results from an experiment to actual results from the population

55
Q

Scatter plot

A

a picture of where data falls across 2 variables, graphic representation of a correlation

56
Q

Scientific method

A

standardized way of making observations, gathering data, forming theories

57
Q

Significant difference

A

between 2 groups and is the probability of obtaining the difference by chance, small

58
Q

Single-blind study

A

research technique where subjects don’t know if they are part of the experimental group or control group

59
Q

Skew distribution

A

not symmetrical

60
Q

Standard deviation

A

average difference between each score and the mean

61
Q

Statistical significance

A

using statistics to analyze their data and to decide whether their hypothesis is supported or not

62
Q

Survey

A

questionnaire

62
Q

T-test

A

compares the means of two sets of data

63
Q

Theory

A

a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations

64
Q

Validity

A

the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure or test

65
Q

Variability

A

low → all scores are close together, high → scores are spread out

Psychology (20 decks)

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