ch2 vocab* Flashcards by Swim 536

Hindsight bias

also known as the “I knew it all along” phenomenon

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Hypothesis

testable prediction

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Replication

duplication of a research study, usually with different participants

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Operational definition

statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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Survey

self-reported measures of attitudes or behaviors

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naturalistic observation

observing behavior without controlling or manipulating the situation

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Random sample

each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusion

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Correlation coefficient

statistical relationship between 2 variables

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Scatter Plot

graph cluster of dots

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illusory correlation

relationship perceived, but none exists

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Experiment

manipulation of factors to observe their effect on behavior

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Experimental group

group exposed to independent variable

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Random assignment

assigning subjects to experimental or control groups by chance

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Double blind procedure

neither researchers or subjects aware of presence of treatment

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Placebo effect

inert substance or condition

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confounding variable

random assignment helps to control for these

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standard deviation

how much scores vary around the mean score

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Validity

does a test measure what it’s supposed to

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Skewed distribution

representation of scores that lacks symmetry

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Mean

arithmetic average

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Statistical significance

how likely a result occurred by chance

Normal curve

a bell-shaped distribution of data

Culture

a group’s shared values, traditions, attitudes

Informed consent

an ethical principle dealing with choosing to participate in a study

Case study

an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

Debriefing

explanation of a study following its conclusion

Controls

factors in an experiment that do not vary

dependent variable

variable that may change in response to manipulations

Applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Correlation

how well either factor predicts the other

Low variability

all scores are close together

Frequency distribution

an orderly arrangement of scores indicating frequency of each score

Hawthorne effect

if people know they are being observed they don’t act naturally

Representative sample

sample matches the demographics of the population

Median

the middle score in a distribution

High variability

scores are spread out

Single blind study

subjects do not know if they are in the experimental group or control group

Theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles

Scientific method

systematic observation, measurement, and experiment

Outliers

extreme scores

Population

whole group

Experimenter bias

when the researcher interferes with true results of a study

Mode

most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

independent variable

the thing that the researcher manipulates of changes in a study

Histogram

bars touch and display numbers

descriptive statistics

statistics that are used to organize and summarize data

Critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Control group

subjects in a study who do no receive the special treatment

Confidentiality

experimenter must not reveal information about participants

Basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base