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Psychology > Chapter 10 vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 10 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Accommodation

A

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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2
Q

Adolescence

A

transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

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3
Q

anxious/ambivalent attachments

A

inconsistent responding to caregivers and by a child’s experiences of anxiety about the caregiver’s availability

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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4
Q

Attachment

A

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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5
Q

authoritarian parents

A

impose rules and expect obedience, kids tend to have less social skills and self-esteem

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6
Q

Authoritative parents

A

both demanding and responsive

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7
Q

Centration

A

the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting important aspects

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8
Q

avoidant attachments

A

when an infant/child doesn’t consistently receive the care and attention they need to develop a healthy relationship with parent/caregiver

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8
Q

Cognition

A

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communication

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9
Q

concrete operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development from 6/7-11 years when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

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10
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain in the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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11
Q

critical periods

A

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli/experience produces proper development

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12
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to decrease during late adulthood

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13
Q

developmental psychologist

A

branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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13
Q

Dementia

A

an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment

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14
Q

Embryo

A

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month

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15
Q

embryonic period

A

the 2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month

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16
Q

Erik Erikson

A

identified 8 stages in which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death, psychological development theory

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17
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy

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17
Q

fetal period

A

lasting from 9 weeks to birth-rapid body growth,muscle and bones form,brain cells multiple

18
Q

Fetus

A

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

19
Q

fluid intelligence

A

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood,the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns

20
Q

formal operational stage

A

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (age 12) when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

21
Q

germinal period

A

the 1st phase of prenatal development usually encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception

22
Q

Habituation

A

decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

23
Q

Harry Harlow

A

American psychologist best known for maternal separation on monkeys, depending needs, social isolation experiments with primates

24
Q

Imprinting

A

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in their life

25
Q

Jean Piaget

A

cognitive developmental theory, stages = sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

26
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A

moral developmental, assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers

27
Q

Lev Vgotsky

A

Russian psychologist, social-cultural perspective, emphasized how a child would grow to become an adult and come to develop thoughts, behaviors, beliefs

28
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

28
Q

motor development

A

the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

28
Q

Nature

A

innate biological factors that influence development and personality

29
Q

Nurture

A

external and environmental factors, like learning that influence development and personality

30
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

31
Q

Overregularization

A

mistake in language learning in which a child correctly generalizes grammatical rules to irregular cases where they don’t apply

31
Q

permissive parents

A

very attuned to children’s feelings rarely say no to demands, give into their children’s desires

32
Q

primary sex characteristics

A

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia)

33
Q

Puberty

A

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

34
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair

34
Q

Schema

A

a concept/framework that organizes and interprets information

35
Q

secure attachments

A

exhibits a consistent, interdependent, and confident style of relating in a relationship, feel safe and supported by their caregivers

36
Q

separation anxiety

A

emotional distress seen in many infants when they’re separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

37
Q

social clock

A

culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement

38
Q

social learning theory

A

theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

38
Q

Temperament

A

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

39
Q

Teratogen

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and causes harm

40
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the zone between what a child learn with or without help, The distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own & where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other

41
Q

Zygote

A

the fertilized egg, enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Psychology (20 decks)

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