Chapter 10 vocab Flashcards
Accommodation
adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
Adolescence
transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
anxious/ambivalent attachments
inconsistent responding to caregivers and by a child’s experiences of anxiety about the caregiver’s availability
Assimilation
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
Attachment
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
authoritarian parents
impose rules and expect obedience, kids tend to have less social skills and self-esteem
Authoritative parents
both demanding and responsive
Centration
the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting important aspects
avoidant attachments
when an infant/child doesn’t consistently receive the care and attention they need to develop a healthy relationship with parent/caregiver
Cognition
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communication
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, stage of cognitive development from 6/7-11 years when children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
Conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain in the same despite changes in the forms of objects
critical periods
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli/experience produces proper development
crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to decrease during late adulthood
developmental psychologist
branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
Dementia
an abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment
Embryo
the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month
embryonic period
the 2nd stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until the end of the 2nd month
Erik Erikson
identified 8 stages in which a healthy individual should pass through from birth to death, psychological development theory
Fetal Alcohol syndrome
a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
fetal period
lasting from 9 weeks to birth-rapid body growth,muscle and bones form,brain cells multiple
Fetus
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
fluid intelligence
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood,the ability to solve new problems, use logic in new situations, and identify patterns
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (age 12) when people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
germinal period
the 1st phase of prenatal development usually encompassing the first 2 weeks after conception
Habituation
decreased responsiveness with repeated stimulation as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner
Harry Harlow
American psychologist best known for maternal separation on monkeys, depending needs, social isolation experiments with primates
Imprinting
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in their life
Jean Piaget
cognitive developmental theory, stages = sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral developmental, assessed moral reasoning by posing hypothetical moral dilemmas and examining the reasoning behind people’s answers
Lev Vgotsky
Russian psychologist, social-cultural perspective, emphasized how a child would grow to become an adult and come to develop thoughts, behaviors, beliefs
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
motor development
the progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
Nature
innate biological factors that influence development and personality
Nurture
external and environmental factors, like learning that influence development and personality
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Overregularization
mistake in language learning in which a child correctly generalizes grammatical rules to irregular cases where they don’t apply
permissive parents
very attuned to children’s feelings rarely say no to demands, give into their children’s desires
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia)
Puberty
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair
Schema
a concept/framework that organizes and interprets information
secure attachments
exhibits a consistent, interdependent, and confident style of relating in a relationship, feel safe and supported by their caregivers
separation anxiety
emotional distress seen in many infants when they’re separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment
social clock
culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement
social learning theory
theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
Temperament
a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Teratogen
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and causes harm
zone of proximal development
the zone between what a child learn with or without help, The distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own & where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other
Zygote
the fertilized egg, enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
