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Psychology > chapter 6 vocab > Flashcards

chapter 6 vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

Acquisition

A

in OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response, in CC, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

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2
Q

Albert Bandura

A

creator of the social learn theory, people can learn by observing others in social interactions

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3
Q

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

A

The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.

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4
Q

Associative learning

A

learning that certain events occur together

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5
Q

Avoidance learning

A

learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring

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5
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science, 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes

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6
Q

Behavior modification

A

a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditions

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6
Q

Biofeedback

A

a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

we learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus anticipate events

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8
Q

Cognitive learning

A

studying perception, memory, attention and focus, language, problem-solving and learning

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8
Q

Conditional (secondary) reinforcer

A

a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

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8
Q

Conditioned (learned) response (CR)

A

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus

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9
Q

Conditioning

A

the process of learning associations

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9
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

in cc, the originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

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10
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

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10
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

in oc, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

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10
Q

Edward Thornlike

A

American psychologist who came up with the law of effect

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11
Q

Discrimination

A

in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do no signal an unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Elicit

A

cc response have traditionally been characterized as reflexes, said to be elicited (drawn forth, automatic or involuntary

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12
Q

Edward Tolman

A

first psychologist to study latent learning in animals

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13
Q

Emit

A

to send forth

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14
Q

Escape learning

A

a type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

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14
Q

External locus of control

A

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate

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14
Q

Evaluative conditioning

A

refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli

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14
Q

Extinction

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response

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14
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

in oc, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of response

15
Q

Generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

16
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus

16
Q

Habituation

A

an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

17
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

a reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

17
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

17
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

prominent Russian physiologist, researched dog digestion

18
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

19
Q

Learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

19
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

20
Q

Modeling

A

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior, “monkey see, monkey do”

21
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

increase behavior by reducing/stopping negative stimuli, any stimuli removed after, strengthens the response

22
Q

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A

a stimulus that doesn’t produce a reflexive response

23
Q

Observational learning

A

learning by observing others, also called social learning

24
Q

Operant behavior

A

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

25
Q

Operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher

26
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

reinforcing a response only part of the time, slower to acquire response, but great resistance to extinction

27
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimuli, strengthening a response

27
Q

Preparedness

A

species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others

28
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

29
Q

Punishment

A

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

30
Q

Reinforcement

A

an event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response

31
Q

Reinforcement contingencies

A

the circumstance/rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

31
Q

Resistance to extinction

A

in oc, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

32
Q

Renewal effect

A

if a response is extinguished in a different environment, than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to where acquisition took place

33
Q

Respondent behavior

A

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

34
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

35
Q

Secondary reinforcers (conditionary)

A

stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

36
Q

Shaping

A

an oc procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

37
Q

Skinner Box

A

in oc research, chamber containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

38
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus

39
Q

Stimulus

A

a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react

40
Q

Stimulus discrimination

A

occurs when an organism that has learning a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a similar stimulus

41
Q

Trial

A

in cc, consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

41
Q

Stimulus generalization

A

occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus response in the same way to a new similar stimulus

41
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

in oc, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

42
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

in cc, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically triggers a response

42
Q

unconditioned response (UR)

A

in cc, the unlearned occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

43
Q

Variable interval

A

in oc, the reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Psychology (20 decks)

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