chapter 6 vocab Flashcards
Acquisition
in OC, the strengthening of a reinforced response, in CC, the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response
Albert Bandura
creator of the social learn theory, people can learn by observing others in social interactions
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.
Associative learning
learning that certain events occur together
Avoidance learning
learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring
B.F. Skinner
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments
Behaviorism
the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science, 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Behavior modification
a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditions
Biofeedback
a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance
Classical conditioning
we learn to associate 2 stimuli and thus anticipate events
Cognitive learning
studying perception, memory, attention and focus, language, problem-solving and learning
Conditional (secondary) reinforcer
a stimulus that gains it reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
Conditioned (learned) response (CR)
in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (now conditioned) stimulus
Conditioning
the process of learning associations
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
in cc, the originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response
Continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
Discriminative stimulus
in oc, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement
Edward Thornlike
American psychologist who came up with the law of effect
Discrimination
in CC, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do no signal an unconditioned stimulus
Elicit
cc response have traditionally been characterized as reflexes, said to be elicited (drawn forth, automatic or involuntary
Edward Tolman
first psychologist to study latent learning in animals
Emit
to send forth
Escape learning
a type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
External locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your control determine your fate
Evaluative conditioning
refers to changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli
Extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response
Fixed ratio schedule
in oc, reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of response
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for a stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
Higher-order conditioning
a new neutral stimulus can become a new conditioned stimulus
Habituation
an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it
Intermittent reinforcement
a reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Ivan Pavlov
prominent Russian physiologist, researched dog digestion
Law of effect
Thorndike’s principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal/human learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learning
a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience
Modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior, “monkey see, monkey do”
Negative reinforcement
increase behavior by reducing/stopping negative stimuli, any stimuli removed after, strengthens the response
Neutral stimulus (NS)
a stimulus that doesn’t produce a reflexive response
Observational learning
learning by observing others, also called social learning
Operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
Operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher
Partial reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time, slower to acquire response, but great resistance to extinction
Positive reinforcement
increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimuli, strengthening a response
Preparedness
species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Primary reinforcers
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
Punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
Reinforcement
an event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response
Reinforcement contingencies
the circumstance/rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers
Resistance to extinction
in oc, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated
Renewal effect
if a response is extinguished in a different environment, than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to where acquisition took place
Respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
Schedule of reinforcement
a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time
Secondary reinforcers (conditionary)
stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers
Shaping
an oc procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Skinner Box
in oc research, chamber containing a bar/key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer
Spontaneous recovery
reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus
Stimulus
a change in an organism’s surroundings that causes the organism to react
Stimulus discrimination
occurs when an organism that has learning a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a similar stimulus
Trial
in cc, consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Stimulus generalization
occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus response in the same way to a new similar stimulus
Variable ratio schedule
in oc, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
in cc, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically triggers a response
unconditioned response (UR)
in cc, the unlearned occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Variable interval
in oc, the reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
