chapter 12 vocab Flashcards
aggression
any behavior that intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally
altruism
selfless concern for the well-being of others
attitude
positive/negative evaluations of objects of thought
attribution theory
people attempt to understand events and actions by attributing intentions, beliefs, feelings to the events, place causation into 2 categories: internal/dispositional and external/situational factors
bystander effect
paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they’re in groups than when they’re alone
central route persuasion
careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of an argument, requires person to actively process the info, most effective when audience is motivated and able to think critically about the content
cognitive dissonance theory
psychological state that exists when related attitudes/beliefs contradict one another
collectivism
putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to
compassionate love
warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own
conflict
a state that occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
conformity
tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure
culture
widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions and other products of a community that are socially transmitted across generations
deindividuation
psychological phenomenon that occurs when people are part of a group, losing sense of self, conforms to group norm
discrimination
behaving differently, usually unfairly toward the members of a group
individualism
putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership
equity
people are happier in relationships where there’s give and take by both people
explicit attitudes
attitudes that people hold consciously and can readily describe
foot-in-the-door
getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later
frustration-aggression hypothesis (principal)
aggression is always caused by frustration
fundamental attribution error
observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior
group polarization
phenomenon when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant pov and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction
groupthink
process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision
implicit attitude
convert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic response that people have little conscious control over
informational social influence
effect that often contributes to conformity in which people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations
Milgram experiment
subjects giving an electric shock (thinking) to another subject because authority figure demanded it
ingroup
the group that people belong to and identify with
ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group, individuals in the same group as ourselves
just-world phenomenon (bias)
people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, belief
mere exposure effect
the finding that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus
normative social influence
an effect that promotes conformity to social norms for fear of negative social consequences
norms
accepted standards of behavior for any given group
other race effect
tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races
outgroup
a group that one doesn’t belong to or identiy with
passionate love
complete absorption in another includes tender sexual feelings, agony, and ecstasy of intense emotion
personal perception
the process of forming impressions of others
peripheral route persuasion
relies on superficial cues or associations rather than the strength of the argument itself
prejudice
a negative attitude held toward members of a group
receiver
in persuasion, the person to whom an attitude-change message is sent from a source
reciprocity norm
rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others
role
function assumed or part played by person/thing in a particular situation
self-disclosure
reveals intimate aspects of oneself to others
scapegoat theory
maintains that our prejudices dictate who we blame when we’re angry, blaming someone=outlet for anger
self-fulfilling prophecy
when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, because they expect it
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors
social exchange theory
social relationships = exchange in which a participant tries to maximize benefits and minimize costs
social faciliation
phenomenon where the presence of other people can enhance an individual’s performance on a task
social loafing
reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves
social psychology
branch of psychology, individuals’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors are influenced by others
social responsibility norm
person should help others when they’re in need, doesn’t contain an expectation of reward/reciprocity
source
in persuasion, the person who sends a message intended to produce attitude change to a receiver
stereotype
widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
Zimbardo’s experiemnt
stanford prison experiment, focus on power of roles, rules
