chapter 12 vocab

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

any behavior that intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally

Question 2

altruism

Answer 2

selfless concern for the well-being of others

Question 3

attitude

Answer 3

positive/negative evaluations of objects of thought

Question 4

attribution theory

Answer 4

people attempt to understand events and actions by attributing intentions, beliefs, feelings to the events, place causation into 2 categories: internal/dispositional and external/situational factors

Question 5

bystander effect

Answer 5

paradoxical social phenomenon in which people are less likely to provide needed help when they’re in groups than when they’re alone

Question 6

central route persuasion

Answer 6

careful and thoughtful consideration of the true merits of an argument, requires person to actively process the info, most effective when audience is motivated and able to think critically about the content

Question 7

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 7

psychological state that exists when related attitudes/beliefs contradict one another

Question 8

collectivism

Answer 8

putting group goals ahead of personal goals and defining one’s identity in terms of the groups one belongs to

Question 9

compassionate love

Answer 9

warm, trusting, tolerant affection for another whose life is deeply intertwined with one’s own

Question 10

conflict

Answer 10

a state that occurs when 2 or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression

Question 11

conformity

Answer 11

tendency for people to yield to real or imagined social pressure

Question 12

culture

Answer 12

widely shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions and other products of a community that are socially transmitted across generations

Question 13

deindividuation

Answer 13

psychological phenomenon that occurs when people are part of a group, losing sense of self, conforms to group norm

Question 14

discrimination

Answer 14

behaving differently, usually unfairly toward the members of a group

Question 15

individualism

Answer 15

putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership

Question 15

equity

Answer 15

people are happier in relationships where there’s give and take by both people

Question 16

explicit attitudes

Answer 16

attitudes that people hold consciously and can readily describe

Question 17

foot-in-the-door

Answer 17

getting people to agree to a small request to increase the chances that they will agree to a larger request later

Question 18

frustration-aggression hypothesis (principal)

Answer 18

aggression is always caused by frustration

Question 19

fundamental attribution error

Answer 19

observers’ bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others’ behavior

Question 19

group polarization

Answer 19

phenomenon when group discussion strengthens a group’s dominant pov and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction

Question 20

groupthink

Answer 20

process in which members of a cohesive group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking in arriving at a decision

Question 21

implicit attitude

Answer 21

convert attitudes that are expressed in subtle automatic response that people have little conscious control over

Question 22

informational social influence

Answer 22

effect that often contributes to conformity in which people look to others for guidance about how to behave in ambiguous situations

Question 22

Milgram experiment

Answer 22

subjects giving an electric shock (thinking) to another subject because authority figure demanded it

Question 23

ingroup

Answer 23

the group that people belong to and identify with

Question 24

ingroup bias

Answer 24

tendency to favor our own group, individuals in the same group as ourselves

Question 24

just-world phenomenon (bias)

Answer 24

people get what they deserve and deserve what they get, belief

Question 25

mere exposure effect

Answer 25

the finding that repeated exposures to a stimulus promotes greater liking of the stimulus

Question 26

normative social influence

Answer 26

an effect that promotes conformity to social norms for fear of negative social consequences

Question 27

norms

Answer 27

accepted standards of behavior for any given group

Question 28

other race effect

Answer 28

tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

Question 29

outgroup

Answer 29

a group that one doesn’t belong to or identiy with

Question 30

passionate love

Answer 30

complete absorption in another includes tender sexual feelings, agony, and ecstasy of intense emotion

Question 31

personal perception

Answer 31

the process of forming impressions of others

Question 31

peripheral route persuasion

Answer 31

relies on superficial cues or associations rather than the strength of the argument itself

Question 32

prejudice

Answer 32

a negative attitude held toward members of a group

Question 33

receiver

Answer 33

in persuasion, the person to whom an attitude-change message is sent from a source

Question 34

reciprocity norm

Answer 34

rule that people should pay back in kind what they receive from others

Question 35

role

Answer 35

function assumed or part played by person/thing in a particular situation

Question 35

self-disclosure

Answer 35

reveals intimate aspects of oneself to others

Question 36

scapegoat theory

Answer 36

maintains that our prejudices dictate who we blame when we’re angry, blaming someone=outlet for anger

Question 37

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 37

when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, because they expect it

Question 38

self-serving bias

Answer 38

tendency to attribute one’s success to personal factors and one’s failures to situational factors

Question 39

social exchange theory

Answer 39

social relationships = exchange in which a participant tries to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Question 40

social faciliation

Answer 40

phenomenon where the presence of other people can enhance an individual’s performance on a task

Question 41

social loafing

Answer 41

reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves

Question 42

social psychology

Answer 42

branch of psychology, individuals’ thoughts, feelings, behaviors are influenced by others

Question 43

social responsibility norm

Answer 43

person should help others when they’re in need, doesn’t contain an expectation of reward/reciprocity

Question 44

source

Answer 44

in persuasion, the person who sends a message intended to produce attitude change to a receiver

Question 45

stereotype

Answer 45

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Question 46

Zimbardo’s experiemnt

Answer 46

stanford prison experiment, focus on power of roles, rules