ch6 vocab*

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

Question 2

classical conditioning

Answer 2

a neutral stimulus that can evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

Question 3

Extinction

Answer 3

the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency

Question 4

renewal effect

Answer 4

a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place

Question 5

Acquisition

Answer 5

the initial stage of learning a new response tendency

Question 6

spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning

Question 7

Conditioning

Answer 7

learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment

Question 8

Elicit

Answer 8

drawn forth

Question 8

stimulus discrimination

Answer 8

an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 9

Trial

Answer 9

in classical conditioning consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

Question 10

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 10

a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Question 12

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 12

an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning

Question 13

higher-order conditioning

Answer 13

conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

evaluative conditioning

Answer 14

changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus positive or negative stimuli

Question 15

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 15

stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

Question 15

intermittent reinforcement

Answer 15

occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Question 17

negative reinforcement

Answer 17

a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus

Question 18

primary reinforcers

Answer 18

events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

Question 19

reinforcement contingencies

Answer 19

the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers

Question 20

Punishment

Answer 20

occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

Question 22

avoidance learning

Answer 22

an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

Question 22

resistance to extinction

Answer 22

an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

Question 23

secondary reinforcers

Answer 23

events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers

Question 24

continuous reinforcement

Answer 24

occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced

Question 25

discriminative stimulus

Answer 25

cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response

Question 25

Emit

Answer 25

to send forth

Question 26

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 26

reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

Question 27

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 27

a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time

Question 28

Skinner Box

Answer 28

small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled

Question 29

escape learning

Answer 29

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Question 30

variable ratio schedule

Answer 30

the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses

Question 31

conditional reinforcer

Answer 31

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Question 31

Modeling

Answer 31

process of watching then imitating a specific behavior-an important means through which observational learning occurs

Question 32

learned helplessness

Answer 32

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Question 33

Biofeedback

Answer 33

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

Question 33

behavior modification

Answer 33

a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning

Question 34

cognitive learning

Answer 34

the acquisition of mental information observing events, watching others, or through language

Question 34

observational learning

Answer 34

an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models

Question 35

Albert Bandura

Answer 35

conducted a series of classic studies on how children model aggressive behavior

Question 36

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 36

physiologist who first described the phenomenon now known as classical conditioning

Question 36

B.F. Skinner

Answer 36

proponent of behaviorist perspective and pioneer in the field of operant conditioning

Question 37

Edward Thorndike

Answer 37

discovered the law of effect - laid the groundwork for operant conditioning through his work with puzzle boxes

Question 38

Edward Tolman

Answer 38

developed several theories of cognitive learning including the concept of latent learning

Question 39

Law of Effect

Answer 39

principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 39

latent learning

Answer 39

learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs