chapter 11 vocab Flashcards
agreeableness
cooperative, trustworthy, good-nature=helpful, trusting, empathetic
opposite: critical, uncooperative, suspicious
anal stage
2nd stage of psychosexual, 18-36 months, pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
big five factor model
McCrae & Costa, 5 broad personality traits: CANOE, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion
collective unconcious
carl jung’s concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one’s group (extended family/work group and defining one’s identity accordingly
conscientiousness
competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven=hardworking, dependable, organized
opposite: impulsive, careless, disorganized
defense mechanisms
in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
displacement
diverts sexual, aggressive impulses toward an object/person that’s psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings
ego
the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, Freud, mediates among the demands of id, superego, reality
external locus of control
the perception that chance/outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate
extraversion
socialibity, assertiveness, emotional expression=outgoing, warm, seeks excitemnet
opposite: quiet, reserved, withdrawn
fixation
freud, lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
free association
psychoanalysis theory, method of exploring the unconscious in which patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing
id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives
genital stage
last stage of psychosexual, puberty on, maturation of sexual interests
individualism
giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your fate
introversion
seeks less stimulation, recharge/reflect in quiet, think before speaking, independence
latency stage
4th stage of psychosexual, age 6-puberty, a phase of dormant sexual feelings
narcissism
personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, need for attention and admiration, sense of entitlement and tendency to exploit others
neuroticism
tendency toward unstable emotions=anxious,unahppy, negative feelings
opposite: calm, even-tempered, secure
oedipus complex
freud, boy’s sexual desires toward their moms and feelings of jealousy and hatred for their rival father
openness
imagination, feelings, actions, ideas=wide range of interests, curious, independent
opposite: practical, conventional, prefers routine
oral stage
0-18 months pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing, 1st stage of psychosexual stages
phallic stage
3-6 years, pleasure zone=genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feeling, Oedipus/electra complex, 3rd psychosexual stage
pleasure principle
it seeks immediate gratification
projection
disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others, blaming other
psychodynamic theory
freud, unconscious and conscious minds interact, motives and conflicts shape our personality, childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important
rationalization
occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions
reality principle
seeks to gratify the id’s impulses in a realistic way that will bring long-term pleasure, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment
reaction formation
the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites, people express the opposite emotion of their true feelings
self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organized of our thoughts, feelings and actions
regression
allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development, sucking thumb
repression
banishes anxiety-arousing wishes from consciousness
self-actualization
Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met, self-esteem is achieved, motivation to fulfill one’s full potential
self-concept
all thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question “Who am I?”
self-esteem
one’s feelings of high or low self-worth
self-efficacy
one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
self-report inventories (MMPI)
personality tests that asks individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorable
spotlight effect
overestimating others’ noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
sublimation
the transformation of unacceptable impulses into social valued motivations,positive and productive, going to the gym to let off steam
superego
part of personality, Freud, represents internalized ideals, provides standard for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
terror management theory
a theory of death-related anxiety, explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
thematic apperception test (TAT)
projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
type a
personality characterized by 1) a strong competitive orientation, 2) impatience and time urgency, 3) anger and hostility
type b
personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amiable behavior
unconditional positive regard
rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
unconscious
freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we’re unaware
