chapter 11 vocab

Question 1

agreeableness

Answer 1

cooperative, trustworthy, good-nature=helpful, trusting, empathetic
opposite: critical, uncooperative, suspicious

Question 2

anal stage

Answer 2

2nd stage of psychosexual, 18-36 months, pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Question 2

big five factor model

Answer 2

McCrae & Costa, 5 broad personality traits: CANOE, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Question 3

collective unconcious

Answer 3

carl jung’s concept of a shared inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history

Question 4

collectivism

Answer 4

giving priority to the goals of one’s group (extended family/work group and defining one’s identity accordingly

Question 5

conscientiousness

Answer 5

competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven=hardworking, dependable, organized
opposite: impulsive, careless, disorganized

Question 5

defense mechanisms

Answer 5

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Question 6

displacement

Answer 6

diverts sexual, aggressive impulses toward an object/person that’s psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, Freud, mediates among the demands of id, superego, reality

Question 8

external locus of control

Answer 8

the perception that chance/outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Question 9

extraversion

Answer 9

socialibity, assertiveness, emotional expression=outgoing, warm, seeks excitemnet
opposite: quiet, reserved, withdrawn

Question 10

fixation

Answer 10

freud, lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

Question 10

free association

Answer 10

psychoanalysis theory, method of exploring the unconscious in which patient relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing

Question 11

id

Answer 11

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Question 12

genital stage

Answer 12

last stage of psychosexual, puberty on, maturation of sexual interests

Question 13

individualism

Answer 13

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Question 14

internal locus of control

Answer 14

the perception that you control your fate

Question 14

introversion

Answer 14

seeks less stimulation, recharge/reflect in quiet, think before speaking, independence

Question 15

latency stage

Answer 15

4th stage of psychosexual, age 6-puberty, a phase of dormant sexual feelings

Question 16

narcissism

Answer 16

personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, need for attention and admiration, sense of entitlement and tendency to exploit others

Question 17

neuroticism

Answer 17

tendency toward unstable emotions=anxious,unahppy, negative feelings
opposite: calm, even-tempered, secure

Question 18

oedipus complex

Answer 18

freud, boy’s sexual desires toward their moms and feelings of jealousy and hatred for their rival father

Question 19

openness

Answer 19

imagination, feelings, actions, ideas=wide range of interests, curious, independent
opposite: practical, conventional, prefers routine

Question 20

oral stage

Answer 20

0-18 months pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, chewing, 1st stage of psychosexual stages

Question 21

phallic stage

Answer 21

3-6 years, pleasure zone=genitals, coping with incestuous sexual feeling, Oedipus/electra complex, 3rd psychosexual stage

Question 22

pleasure principle

Answer 22

it seeks immediate gratification

Question 23

projection

Answer 23

disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others, blaming other

Question 24

psychodynamic theory

Answer 24

freud, unconscious and conscious minds interact, motives and conflicts shape our personality, childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important

Question 25

rationalization

Answer 25

occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions

Question 26

reality principle

Answer 26

seeks to gratify the id's impulses in a realistic way that will bring long-term pleasure, which seeks to delay gratification of the id’s urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found

Question 26

reciprocal determinism

Answer 26

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition and environment

Question 26

reaction formation

Answer 26

the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites, people express the opposite emotion of their true feelings

Question 27

self

Answer 27

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organized of our thoughts, feelings and actions

Question 27

regression

Answer 27

allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development, sucking thumb

Question 28

repression

Answer 28

banishes anxiety-arousing wishes from consciousness

Question 28

self-actualization

Answer 28

Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met, self-esteem is achieved, motivation to fulfill one's full potential

Question 28

self-concept

Answer 28

all thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "Who am I?"

Question 29

self-esteem

Answer 29

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Question 29

self-efficacy

Answer 29

one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes

Question 30

self-report inventories (MMPI)

Answer 30

personality tests that asks individuals to answer a series of questions about their characteristic behavior

Question 31

self-serving bias

Answer 31

a readiness to perceive oneself favorable

Question 32

spotlight effect

Answer 32

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

Question 33

sublimation

Answer 33

the transformation of unacceptable impulses into social valued motivations,positive and productive, going to the gym to let off steam

Question 34

superego

Answer 34

part of personality, Freud, represents internalized ideals, provides standard for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Question 35

terror management theory

Answer 35

a theory of death-related anxiety, explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death

Question 36

thematic apperception test (TAT)

Answer 36

projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Question 37

type a

Answer 37

personality characterized by 1) a strong competitive orientation, 2) impatience and time urgency, 3) anger and hostility

Question 38

type b

Answer 38

personality characterized by relatively relaxed, patient, easygoing, amiable behavior

Question 39

unconditional positive regard

Answer 39

rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

Question 40

unconscious

Answer 40

freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we're unaware