ch8 vcaob* Flashcards

1
Q

conceptual hierarchy

A

A multi level classification system based on common properties among items

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2
Q

Expertise

A

A well-developed base of knowledge

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2
Q

Algorithms

A

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

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3
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

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4
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

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5
Q

Fixation

A

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

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6
Q

Concept

A

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

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7
Q

confirmation bias

A

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

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8
Q

Framing

A

The way an issue is posed

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9
Q

spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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10
Q

insight

A

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

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11
Q

decision making

A

The process of evaluating and making choices among them

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12
Q

babbling stage

A

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

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13
Q

Bilingualism

A

The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules

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14
Q

Intuition

A

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

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15
Q

Overconfidence

A

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

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15
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

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16
Q

problem solving

A

Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available

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17
Q

one-word stage

A

Stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

18
Q

two-word stage

A

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

19
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Benjamin Whorf theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking

20
Q

nonsense syllables

A

Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words

21
Q

trial and error

A

Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works

22
Q

telegraphic speech

A

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”-using mostly nouns and verbs

23
Grammar
A language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others
24
Overgeneralization
Misapplication of grammar rules
25
Semantics
The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning
26
language
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
27
mental age
In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age
28
mental set
A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
29
Cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
30
Prototypes
mental image or best example of a category
31
Heuristic
A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions
31
theory of bounded rationality
The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in "irrational"decisions that are less than optimal
32
functional fixedness
The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
32
representativeness heuristic
Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar is to the typical prototype of that event
33
availability heuristic
Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
33
belief bias/perseverance
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
34
morphemes
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
34
Phonemes
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
35
syntax
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language
36
convergent thinking
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
37
divergent thinking
Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions
38
language acquisition device
According to Chomsky, an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
39
selective attention
the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously