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Question 1

conceptual hierarchy

Answer 1

A multi level classification system based on common properties among items

Question 2

Expertise

Answer 2

A well-developed base of knowledge

Question 2

Algorithms

Answer 2

very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems

Question 3

Creativity

Answer 3

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 4

conjunction fallacy

Answer 4

An error that occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone

Question 5

Fixation

Answer 5

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Question 6

Concept

Answer 6

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 8

Framing

Answer 8

The way an issue is posed

Question 9

spacing effect

Answer 9

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 10

insight

Answer 10

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Question 11

decision making

Answer 11

The process of evaluating and making choices among them

Question 12

babbling stage

Answer 12

Beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds

Question 13

Bilingualism

Answer 13

The acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocabulary, and grammatical rules

Question 14

Intuition

Answer 14

An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 15

Overconfidence

Answer 15

The tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

Question 15

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 15

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 16

problem solving

Answer 16

Active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available

Question 17

one-word stage

Answer 17

Stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 18

two-word stage

Answer 18

Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements

Question 19

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 19

Benjamin Whorf theorized that the language we use might control, and in some ways limit, our thinking

Question 20

nonsense syllables

Answer 20

Consonant-vowel-consonant arrangements that do not correspond to words

Question 21

trial and error

Answer 21

Trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works

Question 22

telegraphic speech

Answer 22

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-“go car”-using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 23

Grammar

Answer 23

A language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others

Question 24

Overgeneralization

Answer 24

Misapplication of grammar rules

Question 25

Semantics

Answer 25

The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning

Question 26

language

Answer 26

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 27

mental age

Answer 27

In intelligence testing, a score that indicates that a child displays the mental ability typical of a child of that chronological (actual) age

Question 28

mental set

Answer 28

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

Question 29

Cognition

Answer 29

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Question 30

Prototypes

Answer 30

mental image or best example of a category

Question 31

Heuristic

Answer 31

A strategy, guiding principle, or rule of thumb used in solving problems or making decisions

Question 31

theory of bounded rationality

Answer 31

The idea that people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in “irrational”decisions that are less than optimal

Question 32

functional fixedness

Answer 32

The tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use

Question 32

representativeness heuristic

Answer 32

Basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar is to the typical prototype of that event

Question 33

availability heuristic

Answer 33

Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind

Question 33

belief bias/perseverance

Answer 33

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 34

morphemes

Answer 34

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word

Question 34

Phonemes

Answer 34

In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 35

syntax

Answer 35

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

Question 36

convergent thinking

Answer 36

Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 37

divergent thinking

Answer 37

Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions

Question 38

language acquisition device

Answer 38

According to Chomsky, an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language

Question 39

selective attention

Answer 39

the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously