ch7 vocab* Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Forming a memory code

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2
Q

Retrieval

A

recovering information from memory stores

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2
Q

Storage

A

Maintaining encoded information in memory over time

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3
Q

Retention

A

The proportion of material remembered

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3
Q

procedural memory

A

a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills

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3
Q

long-term memory

A

An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time

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4
Q

short-term memory

A

A limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds

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5
Q

spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

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5
Q

Rehearsal

A

The process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about information to be stored in memory

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6
Q

serial position effect

A

In memory tests, the fact that subjects show better recall for items at the beginning and end of a list than for items in the middle

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7
Q

mnemonic devices

A

Strategies for enhancing memory

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7
Q

iconic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

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7
Q

Chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

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8
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

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9
Q

long-term potentiation

A

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation

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10
Q

flashbulb memories

A

Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events

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11
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occur after a head injury

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12
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to a head injury

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13
Q

nondeclarative memory

A

the repository for memories for actions, skills, conditioned responses, and emotional memories. Also called procedural memory

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14
Q

declarative memory

A

Memory for factual information

14
Q

Recall

A

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

15
Q

Recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

16
Q

relearning measure

A

A memory test that requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or effort is saved by having learned it before

16
Priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations memory
17
State-dependent memory
What we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
18
mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
19
proactive interference
A source of forgetting that occurs when previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
20
Repression
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
21
misinformation effect
Phenomenon that occurs when participants' recall of an event they witnessed is altered by introducing misleading post-event information
21
acoustic encoding
The encoding of sound
22
effortful processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
23
Amnesia
loss of memory
24
hindsight bias
The tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out
25
forgetting curve
A graph showing retention and forgetting over time
26
hippocampus
Curved structure located within each temporal lobe
27
parallel processing
processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
27
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
28
photographic memory
Powerful and enduring visual images
29
retrospective memory
ability to remember events from the past or previously learned information
29
decay theory
forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
29
Deja vu
Eerie sense that "I've experienced this before."
29
prospective memory
Narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
30
interference theory
The idea that people forget information because of competition from other material
31
levels of processing theory
The theory holding that deeper levels of mental processing result in longer-lasting memory codes
31
visual encoding
encoding of picture images
32
schema
An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events
33
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
The temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
34
retroactive interference
source of forgetting that occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
35
working memory
model of short-term memory consisting of a modular system for temporary storage and manipulation of information