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A&P > Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 9: The General and Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular shape in the lens or cornea that can affect light refraction and clarity of the visual image

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2
Q

presbyopia

A

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye due to aging

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3
Q

presbycusis

A

age related hearing loss

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4
Q

ultraviolet keratitis

A

severe pain, tearing, light sensitivity, and foreign-body sensation that occurs after ocular exposure to extremely bright light

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5
Q

acute glaucoma

A

failure of aqueous humor to enter the canal of Schlemm; rise in intraocular pressure leading to soft tissue distortion within the eye

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6
Q

nerves responsible for taste

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus; “spicy” is transmitted by trigeminal nervetaste receptors are found in tongue, larynx, pharynx

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7
Q

receptive field

A

area monitored by a single receptor cell; the larger the receptive field, the less precise the information

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8
Q

adaptation

A

reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

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9
Q

6 general senses

A

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

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10
Q

5 special senses

A

olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium, hearing

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11
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors; especially common in superficial portions of the skin, joint capsules, periostea, and around blood vessels

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12
Q

slow pain

A

unmyelinated fiber; burning/aching sensations

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13
Q

fast pain

A

myelinated fiber; prickling pain

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14
Q

referred pain

A

felt in a location other than where it originates

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15
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to changes in temperature; common in dermis, skeletal muscles, and the liver; cold receptors are 3-4x as numerous as warm receptors

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-sensitive to stimuli such as stretching, compression, or twisting
-tactile receptors
-baroreceptors
-propioreceptors

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17
Q

free nerve endings

A

sensitive to touch and pressure, situated between epidermal cells

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18
Q

root hair plexus

A

made up of free nerve endings that are stimulated by hair displacement

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19
Q

tactile discs

A

“Merkel’s discs”fine touch/pressure receptors located in deepest epidermal layer of hairless skin

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20
Q

tactile corpuscules

A

“Meissner’s corpuscules”sensitive to fine touch/pressure/low-freq vibrations; abundant in eyelids, lips, fingertips, nipples, external genitalia

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21
Q

lamellated corpuscules

A

“pacinian corpuscules”large receptors sensitive to deep pressure and to pulsing/high-freq vibrations; common in skin of fingers, breasts, external genitalia

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22
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

sensitive to pressure and distortion of the skin; located in deepest layer of the dermis

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23
Q

baroreceptors

A

provide information essential to the regulation of autonomic activities by monitoring changes in pressure; consist of free nerve endings embedded within elastic tissues in organs, such as the bladder or blood vessels

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24
Q

propioreceptor

A

monitor the position of joints, tension in tendons/ligaments, and the state of muscular contraction

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25
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

lie between a skeletal muscle and its tendon, monitor the strain on a tendon during muscle contraction

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26
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in the surrounding fluid

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27
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

contains olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, regenerative (basal) cells

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28
Q

olfactory glands

A

secretions coat surfaces of olfactory organs

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29
Q

primary taste receptors

A

sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umamifront–>back

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30
Q

taste buds

A

taste receptors + specialized epithelial cells

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31
Q

papillae

A

epithelial projections which protect taste buds from mechanical stresses of chewing

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32
Q

gustatory cells

A

slender sensory receptors

33
Q

accessory structures of the eye

A

Eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, lacrimal apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles

34
Q

palpebrae

A

eyelids

35
Q

medial/lateral canthus

A

corners of the eye where upper/lower eyelids connect

36
Q

tarsal glands

A

modified sebaceous glands, secrete a lipid-rich substance that keeps the eyelids from sticking together

37
Q

lacrimal caruncle

A

located at medial canthus; contains glands that produce thick secretions (“eye boogers”)

38
Q

sty

A

infection of an oil gland of the eyelid

39
Q

conjunctiva

A

Delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

40
Q

conjunctivitis

A

pinkeye; inflammation of the conjunctiva

41
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles

A

superior rectus
inferior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
superior oblique
inferior oblique

42
Q

fibrous tunic

A

the outermost layer of the eye, consisting of the cornea and sclera and connecting with eye muscles

43
Q

sclera

A

“white of the eye”

44
Q

cornea

A

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye; continuous with the sclera

45
Q

vascular tunic

A

middle layer of the eye; contains choroid, ciliary body, iris, and blood/lymphatic vessels

46
Q

iris

A

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

47
Q

neural tunic

A

retina, innermost layer of the eye; made up of pigmented and neural parts

48
Q

rods

A

detect black/white; peripheral/night vision

49
Q

cones

A

detect color; require brighter light, focused in macula lutea

50
Q

macula lutea

A

“yellow spot” central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear, detailed vision

51
Q

optic disc

A

blind spot, location where optic nerve attaches, no photoreceptor cells

52
Q

anterior chamber of eye

A

filled with aqueous humor

53
Q

posterior chamber of eye

A

filled with vitreous humor

54
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

55
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect photons

56
Q

visual pigments

A

-absorb photons
-make up outer segments of the discs found in both rods and cones
-derived from compound rhodopsin

57
Q

rhodopsin

A

formed by retinal and opsin

58
Q

retinal

A

pigment synthesized from vitamin A; identical in rods/cones

59
Q

opsin

A

protein portion of rhodopsin; different forms are found in rods and each of the three types of cones (red/blue/green)

60
Q

auricle

A

“pinna”external portion of the ear

61
Q

ceruminous glands

A

produce ear wax

62
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

63
Q

auditory tube

A

eustachian tubechannel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

64
Q

auditory ossicles

A

malleus, incus, stapes

65
Q

bony labyrinth

A

winding tunnels located in the inner ear; protects the membranous labyrinth

66
Q

endolymph

A

fluid within the membranous labyrinth

67
Q

perilymph

A

fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinths

68
Q

vestibule

A

portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the utricle and saccule; sensitive to linear acceleration

69
Q

semicircular canals

A

Encole semicircular ducts (3); stimulated by rotations of the head

70
Q

cochlea

A

contains cochlear duct which provides sense of hearing

71
Q

dynamic equilibrium

A

aids us in maintaining our balance during movement

72
Q

static equilibrium

A

maintains our posture and stability when the body is motionless

73
Q

ampulla

A

Swollen region of the semicircular canals that contains the sensory receptors (hair cells)

74
Q

maculae

A

sensory receptors for acceleration found in vestibule; contain otoliths

75
Q

organ of corti

A

hair cells of the cochlear duct are located here; sits above basilar membrane

76
Q

frequency of a sound

A

number of cycles per second (hertz); high frequency = high pitch

77
Q

Outer ear

A

-External acoustic canal
-Tympanic membrane

78
Q

Middle ear

A

-Auditory tube
-Auditory ossicles (M.I.S.)

79
Q

Inner ear

A

-Bony labyrinth
-Membraneous labyrinth

A&P (19 decks)

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