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A&P > Chapter 18: Urinary > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

calyx

A

cup of flowers

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2
Q

detrudere

A

to push down

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3
Q

fenestra

A

window

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4
Q

glomus

A

ball

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5
Q

gonion

A

angle

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6
Q

juxta

A

near

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7
Q

papplillae

A

small, nipple-shaped projections

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8
Q

podon

A

foot

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9
Q

rectus

A

straight

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10
Q

ren

A

kidney

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11
Q

vasa

A

vessel

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12
Q

micturition

A

urination

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13
Q

position of kidneys

A

in peritoneal space; right sits lower than left

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14
Q

hilum

A

indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave

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15
Q

renal sinus

A

internal cavity within the kidney

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16
Q

renal medulla

A

divided into 18 renal pyramids, the tips of which are called renal papillapyramids are divided by renal columns

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17
Q

minor calyx

A

cup-shaped drain into which each renal papilla discharges urine

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18
Q

major calyx

A

formed by four or five minor calyces; these combine to form the renal pelvis

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19
Q

renal pelvis

A

central collecting region in the kidney that flows into ureter

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20
Q

nephrons

A

functional units of the kidneysconsists of two main parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubulemay be cortical or juxtamedullary

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21
Q

afferent arterioles

A

deliver blood to capillaries supplying individual nephronshave greatest impact on controlling kidney blood pressure

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22
Q

efferent arteriole

A

small artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

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23
Q

cortical nephrons

A

located mostly within cortex

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24
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

located near the renal medulla; peritubular capillaries are connected to the vasa recta

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25
Q

renal corpuscle

A

consists of glomerulus and Bowman’s capsulein renal corpuscle, blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the surrounding capsular space in a process called filtration

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26
Q

filtrate

A

protein-free solution produced by filtration at the renal corpuscle

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27
Q

renal tubule

A

microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtrationmajor segments include: proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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28
Q

capsular space

A

space in-between the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulusreceives the filtrate and empties into the renal tubule

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29
Q

podocytes

A

specialized epithelial cells that cover glomerular capillaries; have long cellular processes called pedicels that wrap around

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30
Q

three layers of glomerular filtration membrane

A

•fenestrated pores of endothelial cells•fibers of basement membrane•filtration slits between the pedicels that wrap around the capillary

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31
Q

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

absorbs plasma proteins, water, vitamins, and ions from the tubular fluid

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32
Q

ascending limb of loop of henle

A

not permeable to water and solutes; actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of tubular fluidcreates concentration gradient in medulla, allowing kidneys to produce concentrated urine

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33
Q

descending limb of loop of henle

A

permeable to water; reabsorbs water

34
Q

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

A

reabsorption of sodium ions; secretion of acids, ammonia, and drugs

35
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

made up of macula densa and juxtaglomerular cellssecretes EPO and renin

36
Q

metabolic wastes of urine

A

urea, creatinine, uric acid, creatine phosphate

37
Q

three processes of kidneys

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

38
Q

filtration

A

occurs exclusively in the renal corpuscle, across the capillary walls of the glomerulus

39
Q

reabsorption

A

occurs primarily at the PCT

40
Q

active secretion

A

occurs primarily at the DCT; secretion is a selective, carrier-mediated process

41
Q

filtration pressure

A

net force that promotes filtrationcaused by slight difference in the diameters of afferent and efferent arterioles

42
Q

cardiac arrhythmias may occur if the extracellular concentration of ________ becomes too high

A

potassium

43
Q

glomerular filtration rate is controlled by

A

•local automatic adjustments•sympathetic nervous system•various hormones

44
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

amount of filtrate produced in the kidneys each minutegenerates about 180 L of filtrate per day (70x volume of plasma)

45
Q

aldosterone

A

produced by adrenal cortex; occurs in response to lowered sodium concentrations of elevated potassium concentrations in the blood or to stimulation from angiotensin IIstimulates reabsorption of sodium ions/loss of potassium ions along DCT and collecting duct

46
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

occurs under angiotensin II stimulationincreases permeability of DCT/collecting duct (stimulating increased water reabsorption at kidneys) and induces sensation of thirst

47
Q

osmoreceptors

A

specialized hypothalamus neurons which can trigger release of ADH in response to low blood volume

48
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A

if glomerular pressures fall, juxtaglomerular apparatus releases renin; renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin, which is then converted to angiotensin II

49
Q

angiotensin II

A

causes vasoconstriction, elevates glomerular pressures, triggers release of ADH, and triggers secretion of aldosterone and epi/norepi by kidney

50
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

opposes actions of renin-angiotensin system; released by cardiac cells when blood volume and pressure are too highincreases sodium loss in urine, increases water loss, and inactivates renin-angiotensin system

51
Q

ureteral openings

A

slitlike openings which prevents the backflow of urine into the ureters or kidneys when the bladder contracts

52
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

kidney stonesmore frequent in the south, more frequent in men, commonly consist of calcium salts

53
Q

umbilical ligaments

A

peritoneal folds that extend to the umbilicus that hold the urinary bladder in place

54
Q

trigone

A

triangular area in the urinary bladder bounded by the ureteral openings and the entrance to the urethra

55
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

smooth muscle; involuntary control over discharge of urine

56
Q

detrusor muscle

A

the smooth muscle layers of the bladder; contraction compresses bladder and expels contents into the urethra

57
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle, voluntary

58
Q

urinary tract infections (UTIs)

A

almost all UTIs start with pathogenic colonization of the bladder by bacteria that enter through the urethra; therefore, females are at higher risk because they have shorter urethrasE. Coli accounts for roughly 80% of infections

59
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

60
Q

fluid balance

A

because your cells and tissues cannot transport water, fluid balance primarily reflects the creation of ion concentration gradients that are then eliminated by osmosis

61
Q

electrolyte balance

A

neither a net gain nor loss in any ion in body fluids; primarily involves balancing the rates of absorption across the digestive tract with rates of loss at the kidneys

62
Q

acid-base balance

A

production of hydrogen ions is equal to their loss

63
Q

importance of fluid/electrolyte/acid base balance

A

treatment of any serious illness that affects the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, or digestive systems must always include steps to restore normal fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

64
Q

sodium balance

A

kidneys are most important sites for regulating sodium ion lossesindividuals with high BP are told to restrict salt intake because “water follows salt”–water leaves cells and enters extracellular fluids, raising BP

65
Q

potassium balance

A

roughly 98% of K+ content lies within intracellular fluidrate of gain is proportional to the amount of potassium in the diet; aldosterone strongly affects the rate of loss

66
Q

acidosis

A

blood pH below 7.35severe alkalosis can lead to: CNS function deterioration, weak cardiac contractions, and peripheral vasodilation

67
Q

alkalosis

A

pH above 7.45

68
Q

most important factor affecting pH in body tissues

A

carbon dioxide concentration

69
Q

buffer system

A

Consists of a combination of weak acid and its dissociation products: a hydrogen ion and an anion

70
Q

three major buffer systems of the body

A

protein, carbonic acid-bicarbonate, and phosphate

71
Q

protein buffer systems

A

contribute to regulation of pH in both ECF and ICF; depend on ability of amino acids to respond in changes in pHplasma proteins and hemoglobin in RBC contribute to buffering capabilities of the blood

72
Q

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

A

important buffer system in the ECFprevents pH changes caused by metabolic acids; mobilizes bicarbonate reserve to convert H+ ions from carbonic acid into CO2 and H2O (CO2 is then exhaled at the lungs)

73
Q

phosphate buffer system

A

buffers pH of ICF (where concentration of phosphate ions is high)

74
Q

respiratory compensation

A

change in respiratory rate that helps stabilize the pH of the ECFwhen the PCO2 rises, the pH declines (and vice-versa)

75
Q

renal compensation

A

a change in the rates of hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion secretion or absorption in the kidneys in response to changes in plasma pH

76
Q

urinary retention

A

may develop in males in response to enlargement of the prostate gland; swelling and distortion of the prostatic tissues compress the urethra, and restrict or prevent the flow of urine

77
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

generally caused by hypoventilation and CO2 buildup in tissues and blood

78
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

caused by buildup of metabolic acid, impaired H+ excretion at kidneys, or bicarbonate loss in urine or feces

79
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

generally caused by hyperventilation and reduction in plasma CO2 levels

80
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

usually caused by prolonged vomiting and associated acid loss

A&P (19 decks)

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