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A&P > Chapter 8: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

afferent division

A

carries sensory information from PNS to CNS

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2
Q

efferent division

A

carries motor commands from CNS to PNS

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3
Q

glial cells

A

neuroglia; provide physical and environmental support for neurons to maintain their environment

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4
Q

axon hillock

A

cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body

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5
Q

Nissle bodies

A

clusters of rough ER and free ribosomes; give gray color to “gray matter”

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6
Q

multipolar neuron

A

has two or more dendrites and a single axon; most common neurons

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7
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one dendrite, one axon with cell body directly between

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8
Q

Pseudounipolar neuron

A

The dendrites and axon are continuous and the cell body lies off to one side

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9
Q

Types of somatic sensory receptors

A

External Receptors, Proprioceptors, Visceral receptors

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10
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

innervate skeletal muscles

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11
Q

visceral motor neurons

A

innervate all peripheral affectors other than skeletal muscles

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12
Q

interneurons

A

“association neuron”; a nerve cell within the central nervous system that forms synapses with other neurons

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13
Q

astrocytes

A

-Most common
-Provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Type of neuroglia, myelinate axons in the CNS

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15
Q

myelin

A

a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses; provides white color to “white matter”

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16
Q

microglia

A

the smallest of glial cells; they act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms

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17
Q

ependymal cells

A

line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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18
Q

satellite cells

A

surround neuron cell bodies in PNS (basically PNS astrocytes)

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19
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinate axons in the PNS

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20
Q

neural cortex

A

a layer of gray matter at the surface of the brain

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21
Q

ascending pathways

A

sensory

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22
Q

descending pathways

A

motor

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23
Q

membrane potential

A

voltage across a membrane

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24
Q

action potential

A

the propagated electrical message of a neuron that travels along the axon to the presynaptic axon terminals

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25
Q

continuous propagation

A

action potential occurring along unmyelinated axons

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26
Q

saltatory propagation

A

-action potential occurring along myelinated axons
-jumping affect= faster conduction

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27
Q

neuroeffector junction

A

specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates

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28
Q

cholinergic synapse

A

releases acetylcholine (ACh)

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29
Q

adrenergic synapse

A

release norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmitter
release epinerphrine or adrenaline (hormone)

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30
Q

neuronal pool

A

functional groups of neurons

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31
Q

divergence

A

multiple outputs

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32
Q

convergence

A

multiple inputs

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33
Q

Three layers of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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34
Q

dorsal roots

A

sensory input to cord

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35
Q

ventral roots

A

motor output from cord

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36
Q

6 divisions of brain

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum

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37
Q

cerebrum

A

can be divided into 2 hemispheres; responsible for conscious thought

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38
Q

left hemisphere

A

controls the right side of the body; analytical, language, math, speech

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39
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls the left side of the body; creative, intuitive, spacial

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40
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

general interpretive; language/math; usually in the left hemisphere

41
Q

Broca’s area

A

speech; left hemisphere

42
Q

corpus callosum

A

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

43
Q

memory consolidation

A

conversion from short-term to long-term memory

44
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland)

45
Q

thalamus

A

-the brain’s sensory switchboard (sorting center)
-located on top of the brainstem
-directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
-transmits and replies to the cerebellum and medulla

46
Q

hypothalamus

A

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

47
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

48
Q

midbrain

A

visual and auditory reflexes, sleep/wake cycle, alertness

49
Q

pons

A

connects the cerebellum to the brain stem; “bridge”; relays information

50
Q

medulla oblongata

A

-Portion of brain stem
-Controls: heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion

51
Q

cerebellum

A

Balance and coordination; large motor activities
Based on sensory and previous stored movement patterns

52
Q

choroid plexus

A

produces CSF

53
Q

amygdala

A

-Portion of gray matter inside each hemipshpere
-Responsible for emotions

54
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage; active in learning

55
Q

reticular formation

A

a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal

56
Q

limbic system

A

neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives

57
Q

dermatone

A

a specific area of the skin that receives sensory input from a pair of spinal nerves

58
Q

12 cranial nerves in order

A
  1. Olfactory2. Optic3. Oculomotor4. Trochlear5. Trigeminal6. Abducens7. Facial8. Vestibulocochlear9. Glossopharyngeal10. Vagus11. Accessory12. Hypoglyssal
59
Q

cervical plexus

A

c1-c5; innervates the muscles of the neck and the diaphragm; phrenic nerve

60
Q

brachial plexus

A

C5-T1; innervates the shoulder girdle and upper limbs; axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar nerves

61
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

T12-s4; supply pelvic girdle and lower limbs; femoral, obturator, saphenous, gluteal, sciatic nerves

62
Q

adrenal medullae

A

center of each adrenal gland; a modified sympathetic ganglion with a short axon; release neurotransmitters into the blood stream

63
Q

neurons

A

basic units of the nervous system; can be separated into three groups: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

64
Q

Norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter; adrenergic; produced in adrenal medullae; found in postganglionic sympathetic fibers; usually excitatory

65
Q

reflex arc

A

“wiring” of a single reflex

66
Q

cranial nerve X

A

vagus nerve

67
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricles of the brain

68
Q

affects of parasympathetic nervous system

A

increases digestion (rest and digest), decreases heartrate, has no effect on perspiration, causes pupillary constriction

69
Q

alpha 1 receptor

A

vasoconstriction (skeletal muscle), mydriasis (pupil dilation), ejaculation

70
Q

alpha 2 receptor

A

inhibition of presynaptic terminals–inhibits continued release of norepinephrine from the presynaptic terminal; limits adrenergic response

71
Q

beta 1 receptor

A

increased HR, conductivity, automaticity, contractility, renin secretion increased in kidneys

72
Q

beta 2 receptor

A

bronchodilation, vasodilation, inhibition of uterine contractions, skeletal muscle tremors

73
Q

dopaminergic receptors

A

-Vasodilation (increased bloodflow)
-Kidneys, heart, brain

74
Q

mu 1 receptor

A

analgesia

75
Q

mu 2 receptor

A

constipation (decrease GI), euphoria, physical dependence, respiratory depression

76
Q

delta receptors

A

analgesia
decreased GI function

77
Q

sigma receptors

A

stimulate respiratory and vasomotor activity, hallucinations, dysphoria

78
Q

kappa receptors

A

spinal analgesia, sedation, and pupillary constriction

79
Q

epsilon receptors

A

analgesia

80
Q

opiate drugs

A

affinity for mu and kappa receptors

81
Q

pituitary gland

A

primary structure that links the nervous system to the endocrine system

82
Q

cauda equina

A

“horse’s tail”, a fan of nerve fibers at the end of the spinal cord

83
Q

mydriasis

A

dilated pupils

84
Q

olfactory nerves (I)

A

smell

85
Q

Optic Nerves (II)

A

vision

86
Q

Oculomotor Nerves (III)

A

Moves eyelid and eyeball, adjusts pupil size

87
Q

trochlear nerves (IV)

A

-superior oblique muscles of the eyes
-ability to loook down

88
Q

trigeminal nerves (V)

A

sensory (face, mouth) and motor (mouth)

89
Q

abducens nerves (VI)

A

lateral rectus muscle of eye

90
Q

facial nerves (VII)

A

facial expressions, sensory facial input, control of facial glands, taste

91
Q

vestibulocochlear nerves (VIII)

A

equilibrium, hearing

92
Q

glossopharyngeal nerves (IX)

A

tongue/pharynx, taste, swallowing, saliva

93
Q

vagus nerves (X)

A

sensory: pharynx, external acoustic canal, visceral organs motor: visceral organs, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, GI glands

94
Q

accessory nerves (XI)

A

innervate neck and back, specifically sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

95
Q

hypoglossal nerves (XII)

A

tongue

96
Q

elevated ridges on brain

A

gyri

97
Q

shallow depressions in brain

A

sulci

98
Q

Ganglion

A

group of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

99
Q

Functional groups of neurons

A

Sensory, motor, interneuron neurons

A&P (19 decks)

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