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A&P > Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

lymph

A

fluid that flows through lymphatic vessels; resembles plasma but contains much lower concentration of suspended proteins

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2
Q

afferent lymphatic vessels

A

deliver lymph to a lymph node

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3
Q

efferent lymphatic vessels

A

carry lymph away from lymph nodes toward venous system

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4
Q

Lymphocytes

A

specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in bodily defense account for 25% of circulating WBCs
EX: T cells, B cells, NK cells

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5
Q

T cells

A

-Thymus-dependent
-make up ~80% of circulating lymphocytes
-divided into cytotoxic (killer), helper, suppressor, and memory
- provide cell-mediated (cellular) immunity (defend inside living cells)

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6
Q

complement system (cascade)

A

-complements the actions of antibodies
(complement Binds to antibody or bacterial cell wall)
-attracts phagocytes
-enhances phagocytosis
-destroys cell membranes
-promotes inflammatory response

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7
Q

B cells

A

-Bone marrow-derived
-make up ~10-15% of circulating lymphocytes
-responsible for antibody-mediated immunity (defend in body fluid)
-sensitized when antigens enter cell

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8
Q

antigens

A

A substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies

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9
Q

NK cells

A

-natural killer cells
-make up ~10-15% of circulating lymphocytes
-respond much more rapidly than T or B cells
-attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells in normal tissues
-continual monitoring is known as immunological surveillance

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10
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A

-production, maintenance, distribution of lymphocytes
-return of fluids from peripheral tissues to the blood
-distribution of hormones, nutrients, and waste products from peripheral tissues to blood

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11
Q

specific Defenses

A

(Specific resistance or immunity) is provided by the coordinated activities of T cells and B cells which respond to the presence of specific atigens.

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12
Q

phagocytes

A

remove cellular debris and pathogens and respond to invasion by foreign compounds or pathogens represent “first line” of cellular defense

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13
Q

neutrophils

A

50-70% of circulating WBCs; granules are chemically neutralusually the first WBC to arrive at an injury siteactive phagocytes; specialize in attacking bacteria

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14
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4% of circulating WBCs; stain from red dye = “eosin”attack antibody-labeled materials through release of cytotoxic enzymes and/or phagocytosisnumbers increase dramatically during parasitic infection

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15
Q

four components of lymphatic system

A

lymphocytes, lymphoid tissues, fluid (“lymph”), vessels

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16
Q

lymphoid tissues

A

collections of loose connective tissue and lymphocytes in structures called lymphoid nodules

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17
Q

helper T cells

A

Stimulate both T and B Cells and Coordinate specific/non-specific defenses by stimulating cell-antibody mediated activity

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18
Q

suppressor T cells

A

act after initial response to dampen/”put brakes on” immune response activated more slowly than other T cells

19
Q

regulatory T cells

A

helper and suppressor T cells

20
Q

lymph nodes

A

-located in groin (inguinal), armpit (axillary), neck/face (cervical), lumbar area
-purify lymph before it enters venous system
-swollen glands often accompany infection

21
Q

memory B cells

A

remain in reserve to respond to subsequent exposure to the same antigen; at which time they differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells

22
Q

thymus

A

lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum
site of T cell production and maturation

23
Q

IgM

A

first antibody type secreted following arrival of antigen; levels decline as IgG production accelerate sresponsible for cross-reactions between incompatible blood types

24
Q

IgA

A

found in glandular secretions (tears/mucus/saliva) attack pathogens before they enter the body tissues

25
Q

IgE

A

accelerate inflammation on exposure to antigen bound to surfaces of mast cells and basophils; stimulates release of histamine; important in allergic response

26
Q

IgD

A

bind antigens in the extracellular fluid to B cells

27
Q

IgG

A

responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins; anti-Rh largest class (~80%), can cross placenta and provide passive immunity to fetus

28
Q

spleen

A

-largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, filters blood rather than lymph
-removes abnormal blood cells and components
-initiates the responses of B and T cells
-stores iron from recycled RBCs

29
Q

innate immunity

A

genetically determined; present at birth and independent of previous exposures to antigens

30
Q

passive immunity

A

produced by the transfer of antibodies from another person

31
Q

acquired immunity

A

Produced by prior exposure or antibody production

32
Q

active immunity

A

produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens (immune response)

33
Q

natural passive immunity

A

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or breast milk.

34
Q

natural active immunity

A

Develops after exposure to antigens in enviroment

35
Q

Basophils

A

Produce heparine (anti clot) histamines (inflammation)

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion of bacteria through phagocytes

37
Q

Goblet cells

A

simple columnar epitheleal cells; mucous membranes of the organs

38
Q

Basal cells

A

Bottom of the epidermis, produce new skin cells

39
Q

Septal cells

A

In alveoli, helps keep alveoli inflated as to not allow collapse

40
Q

Wandering macrophages

A

Leaves blood and migrates to infected tissue; macrophages, plasma cells, lymphocytes

41
Q

Lymphatic pathway

A

lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels (afferent/efferent), lymphatic duct (right duct and thoracic duct)

42
Q

Mast cells

A

Release Histamine and heparin into tissues to support inflammatory response.

43
Q

Antibodies

A

A globular protein produced by plasma cells that will bind to specific antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body

44
Q

Inflammatory Response

A

Localized tissue response to injury/Infection
- Swelling, redness, heat, and pain
(triggered by dead cells or damaged connective tissue and slows spread of pathogens)

A&P (19 decks)

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