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A&P > Chapter 11 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

five functions of blood

A
  1. transportation of gases, nutrients, hormones, and wastes
  2. regulation of pH and interstitial fluids
  3. restriction of fluid losses at injury sites
  4. defense against toxins and pathogens
  5. stabilization of body temperature
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2
Q

formed elements

A

blood cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in plasma make up 45% of blood volume, 99.9% of which is RBC

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3
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells transport oxygen life span of 120 days

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4
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells function as body’s defense mechanisms

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5
Q

platelets

A

small, membrane-enclosed packets of cytoplasm that contain enzymes and factors important to clotting remain in circulation for 9-12 days (thrombocytes)

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6
Q

whole blood

A

plasma + formed elements

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7
Q

fractionated

A

separation of blood

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8
Q

venipuncture

A

puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an IV

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9
Q

plasma

A

Fluid portion of blood; 55% of volume; water accounts for 92% of plasma

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10
Q

albumins

A

-major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma
-transport lipids, steroid hormones
-60% of plasma proteins

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11
Q

globulins

A

-transport proteins
-immune function (antibodies)
-35% of plasma proteins
-lipoproteins-involved in lipid transport
-can bind to lipids, fatty acids or cholestrol

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

-essential component of clotting system; can be converted to insoluble fibrin to form clot
-4% of plasma proteins

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13
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies attack foreign proteins and pathogens; produced by plasma cells of the lymphatic system

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14
Q

serum

A

the fluid left after the clotting proteins are removed

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15
Q

hemopoiesis

A

process by which formed elements are produced; liver and spleen are primary sites during development but in adults primary site is bone marrow

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16
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

-“pluripotent stem cells”
-produce myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

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17
Q

hemoglobin

A

-binds and transports oxygen
-accounts for over 95% of RBC’s intracellular proteins
-lack of hemoglobin = anemia

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18
Q

hematocrit

A

percentage of RBCs is 46 in males; 42 in females

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19
Q

heme

A

iron-based, pigment part of hemoglobin

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20
Q

anemia

A

reduced hemoglobin content

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21
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

large numbers of RBCs break down in circulation, urine can turn reddish/brown

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22
Q

biliverdin

A

a green bile pigment produced from hemoglobin breakdown; made when heme molecule is stripped of its iron

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23
Q

bilirubin

A

orange-yellow pigment made from biliverdin

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24
Q

transferrin

A

binds to iron in bloodstream and transports to bone marrow

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25
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

-production of red blood cells
-requires amino acids, iron, and vitamins (specifically B12, B6, and folic acid)

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26
Q

myeloid tissue

A

red bone marrow

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27
Q

erythroblasts

A

very immature red blood cells that actively synthesize hemoglobin (make hemoglobin)

28
Q

reticulocyte

A

erythroblast that has shed its nucleus
-24hrs+ in circulation become indistinguishable from RBCs

29
Q

vitamin B12

A

necessary for production of blood cells

30
Q

type A blood

A

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

31
Q

type b blood

A

B antigens and anti-A antibodies

32
Q

AB blood

A

A and B antigens, no antibodies
universal recipient

33
Q

O blood

A

no antigens, A and B antibodies
universal donor (most common blood type in US)

34
Q

agglutination

A

clumping of red blood cells

35
Q

granulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophil

36
Q

Agranulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes

37
Q

neutrophils

A

-50-70% of circulating WBCs; granules are chemically neutral
-usually the first RBC to arrive at an injury site
-active phagocytes; specialize in attacking bacteria

38
Q

eosinophils

A

2-4% of circulating WBCs; stain from red dye = “eosin”attack antibody-labeled materials through release of cytotoxic enzymes and/or phagocytosis numbers increase dramatically during parasitic infection

39
Q

basophils

A

smaller, rare (<1%)accumulate within damaged tissues, release heparine, histamine

40
Q

heparine

A

prevents blood clotting

41
Q

monocytes

A

2-8% of circulating WBC; twice size of RBC”free macrophages”; aggressive phagocytes

42
Q

lymphocytes

A

20-30% of circulating WBCs provide defense against specific pathogens

43
Q

leukopenia

A

Abnormally low white blood cell count

44
Q

leukocytosis

A

excessive numbers of white blood cells

45
Q

leukemia

A

cancer of white blood cells

46
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

production of lymphocytes

47
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets

48
Q

megakaryocyte

A

large platelet precursor cell found in the bone marrow

49
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding
3 phases
-vascular phase
-platelet phase
-coagulation phase

50
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting

51
Q

clotting factors

A

calcium ions, vitamin K and 11 different plasma proteins

52
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

-activation of proenzymes
-proceeds with assistance of a platelet factor;
-after a series of linked reactions including Ca+
-clotting proteins form an enzyme capable of activating Factor X

53
Q

clot retraction

A

after coagulation, platelets contract pulling torn blood vessel together

54
Q

fibrinolysis

A

gradual dissolving of the clot

55
Q

plasminogen

A

a plasma protein that is converted to plasmin by streptokinase

56
Q

plasmin

A

converted from plasminogen by streptokinase; dissolves the fibrin of blood clots

57
Q

endothelial layer

A

area of a blood vessel that is responsible for the majority of clotting

58
Q

aspirin

A

inhibits platelet aggregation, antipyretic, blocks the formation of thromboxane A2

59
Q

embolism

A

clots that move and suddenly block a blood vessel

60
Q

Thrombi

A

blood clots

61
Q

blood

A

connective tissue

62
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

63
Q

-penia (suffix)

A

lack or deficiency

64
Q

prothrombin

A

precedes thrombin; synthesized in the liver in a process that requires vitamin K

65
Q

universal donor

A

O

A&P (19 decks)

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