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A&P > Chapter 10: The Endocrine system > Flashcards

Chapter 10: The Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters

A

hormones in blood; neurotransmitters in synapses epinephrine can be either

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2
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported by the bloodstream to reach target cells in other tissues

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3
Q

amino acid derivative hormones

A

small molecules structurally similar to amino acids: epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, melatonin

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4
Q

peptide hormones

A

chains of amino acids; largest class of hormones all hypothalamic, pituitary gland, heart, kidney, thymus, digestive, and pancreatic hormones, poterior pituitary (ADH, oxytocin)

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5
Q

lipid derivative hormones

A

two classes: steroids, aldosterone and eicosanoids (prostaglandins)

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6
Q

steroid hormones

A

insoluble in water, bind to specific transport proteins in the blood; lipid-soluble released by the reproductive organs and the adrenal glands

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7
Q

Eicosanoids

A

fatty acid-based compounds derived from 20-carbon fatty acid arachidonic acid; coordinate local cellular activities, affect enzymatic processes in extracellular fluids, including blood clotting; lipid-soluble include prostaglandins

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8
Q

g protein

A

an enzyme complex coupled to a membrane receptor

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9
Q

cyclic-AMP

A

most common second messenger; created by an enzyme called adenylate cyclase; activates kinase enzymes which attach high-energy phosphate group to another molecule

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10
Q

phosphorylation

A

The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule

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11
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

converts ATP to cAMP

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12
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that transfers phosphate ions from one molecule to another; activated by cAMP

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13
Q

phosphodiesterase (PDE)

A

breaks down cAMP

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14
Q

first messenger

A

A water soluble hormone that binds to its receptor at the outer surface of the plasma membrane because it cannot pass through cell membrane

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15
Q

Second messenger

A

acts as a signal molecule in the cytoplasmexamples include: cAMP, calcium ions, cyclic-GMP

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16
Q

methods of free hormone activation

A
  1. diffusing out of bloodstream/binding to target cells2. absorbed/broken down by liver or kidney3. broken down by enzymes in blood or interstitial fluids
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17
Q

regulatory hormones

A

Control release of hormones from anterior pituitary; may be releasing (RH) or inhibitory (IH)

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18
Q

posterior pituitary gland

A

releases ADH and oxytocin

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19
Q

anterior pituitary gland

A

releases TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, and MSH

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20
Q

hypophysis

A

pituitary gland

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21
Q

infundibulum

A

connects hypothalamus to pituitary gland

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22
Q

hypophyseal portal system

A

blood leaving capillary beds in hypothalamus travels to a capillary bed in anterior pituitary to allow for secretion of releasing hormones

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23
Q

tropic hormones

A

regulatory hormones

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24
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

“thyrotropin”targets thyroid gland; released in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from hypothalamusresults in secretion of thyroid hormones

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25
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

targets adrenal cortex; released in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamusresults in glucocorticoid secretion

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26
Q

gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH released in response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus regulates the activities of the male and female sex organs, or gonads

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27
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

targets follicle cells of ovaries, sustentacular cells of testes; released in response to GnRH; inhibited by inhibitinresults in estrogen secretion, egg follicle development, sperm maturation

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28
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

targets gonads; released in response to GnRHresults in ovulation, progesterone and esterone secretion, testosterone secretion

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29
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits secretion of FSH

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30
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

targets mammary glands; released in response to prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)results in production of milk

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31
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

“human growth hormone (hGH)”targets all cells; released in response to GH-RHresults in growth, protein synthesis, lipid mobilization/catabolism; glucose-sparing effect

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32
Q

somatotropin

A

hGH

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33
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

targets melanocytes; virtually non-functional in humans except during fetal development, in very young children, in pregnancy, and in some diseasesresults in increased melanin synthesis

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34
Q

somatomedins

A

“insulin-like growth factors”peptide hormones that bind to receptor sites on a variety of cell membranes, increase the rates at which amino acids are incorporated into new proteins

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35
Q

glucose-sparing effect

A

causes tissues to use fatty acids instead of glucose as an energy sourceaccelerate rates of glucose synthesis/glycogen formation, releases fatty acids from adipose tissue into bloodstream; tissues break down fatty acids rather than glucose

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36
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

manufactured in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary gland, targets kidneysresults in reabsorption/conservation of water, elevation of blood volume/pressure, vasoconstrictionreleased in response to increased osmotic pressure or low blood volume

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37
Q

oxytocin

A

manufactured in hypothalamus, released by posterior pituitary gland, targets reproductive organsresults in smooth muscle uterine labor contractions, milk ejection, peaks during sexual activity

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38
Q

vasopressin

A

ADH; decreases water lost at kidneys and causes vasoconstriction

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39
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

posterior pituitary gland no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH or the kidney is resistant to its effect; water conservation is impaired; leads to polydipsia and polyuria

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40
Q

isthmus

A

connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

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41
Q

colloid

A

viscous fluid containing large amounts of suspended proteins, hormones

42
Q

thyroxine

A

“tetraiodothyronine” or “t4”produced and secreted by follicle cells in the thyroid gland; targets all cells in the body, readily passes through cell membranes, increases overall body metabolismmakes up 90% of thyroid secretions

43
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

“t3”more potent than t4; only contains 3 iodine atoms

44
Q

calorigenic effect

A

cells consume more energy (specifically when stimulated by thyroid hormones)

45
Q

goiter

A

enlarged thyroid gland

46
Q

c cells

A

“parafollicular cells”endocrine cells sandwiched between follicle cells and basement membrane in thyroid glandproduce calcitonin (CT) in response to increase in blood calcium levels

47
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by c cells in thyroid gland; targets bones and kidneysinhibits osteoclasts (slowing release of calcium from the bone) and promotes calcium excretion at kidneys

48
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

presence of excess thyroid hormones in the blood; characterized by weight loss, heat intolerance, insomnia, muscle weakness, tachycardia

49
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

“thyroid storm”condition that reflects prolonged exposure of body organs to excess thyroid hormones, with resultant changes in structures and functionfrequently caused by Graves’ disease

50
Q

hypothyroidism

A

inadequate amounts of thyroid hormones in the blood; characterized by weight gain, cold intolerance, depression, muscle cramps, bradycardia

51
Q

myxedema

A

condition that reflects long-term exposure to inadequate levels of thyroid hormonesclassic appearance is unemotional, puffy face, pale individual with thinned hair, enlarged tongue, cool skin

52
Q

Graves disease

A

excess circulating thyroid hormones; can lead to thyrotoxic crisisgenetic predisposition; autoimmune originshows signs of hyperthyroidism, along with potential protrusion of eyeballs and cardiovascular issues

53
Q

thyroid follicles

A

produce T3/T4 respond to thyroid-stimulating hormone

54
Q

chief cells

A

produce PTH

55
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

“parathormone”targets bone and kidneys, stimulates osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts, reduces urinary excretion of calcium, stimulates secretion of calcitriolopposes calcitonin

56
Q

calcitriol

A

secreted by kidneys in response to PTHpromotes absorption of calcium and phosphate by the digestive tractsynthesis is dependent on D3

57
Q

suprarenal gland

A

adrenal gland; consists of adrenal cortex and medulla

58
Q

adrenal cortex

A

releases corticosteroids which are bound to transport proteins in the bloodstreamouter zone produces mineralocorticoids; middle zone produces glucocorticoids; inner zone produces androgens

59
Q

mineralocorticoids

A

affect the electrolyte composition of body fluids aldosterone

60
Q

aldosterone

A

principal mineralocorticoid; produced in adrenal cortextargets kidneys; acts on them to retain Na+ and excrete K+; raises blood pressure and normalizes electrolyte levels targets kidneys; release occurs in response to drop in blood sodium, volume, pressure, rise in blood potassium, or in response to angiotensin II

61
Q

glucocorticoids

A

produced in adrenal cortex, affect glucose metabolismcortisol, corticosterone, cortisoneglucose-sparing effects, anti-inflammatory, slow wound healing and suppress immune functions

62
Q

androgens

A

sex hormones

63
Q

cushing’s disease

A

hyperadrenalism”moonface”, skin changes, easy bruising, weight gain

64
Q

addison’s disease

A

adrenal insufficiencyover 90% of cases are autoimmuneweakness, weight loss, hyperpigmentation

65
Q

adrenal medulla

A

secretes epinephrine (75-80%) and norepinephrineincreased cardiac activity, BP, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels

66
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonininhibits reproductive function, acts as antioxidant, establishes day-night cycles

67
Q

pancreas

A

glucagon, insulin

68
Q

alpha cells

A

produce glucagon

69
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin; insulin leads to lower blood sugar which causes increase in glycogen within cells

70
Q

insulin

A

lowers blood sugar

71
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose levels; opposes insulin

72
Q

kidneys

A

release calcitriol, erythropoietin, renin

73
Q

Eythropoietin (EPO)

A

released by kidneys in response to low blood volume or low oxygen levelsstimulates production of RBC in bone marrow

74
Q

renin

A

hormone secreted by the kidney in response to decline in blood volume/pressurestarts chain reaction (renin-angiotensin system) that leads to formation of angiotensin II

75
Q

angiotensin II

A

stimulates production of aldosterone and ADH, stimulates thirst, in Na+ reabsorption to increase fluid retention at vessels

76
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

hormone secreted from atrial cells of the heart in response to atrial stretching and an increase in circulating blood volume; a diuretic that causes sodium loss and inhibits the thirst mechanism

77
Q

thymosins

A

produced in thymus; play a key role in the development and maintenance of normal immune functions

78
Q

testosterone

A

male sex hormone; promotes production of sperm, maintains the secretory glands of male reproductive tract, determines secondary sex characteristics, stimulates protein synthesis, growth, behavioral aggression

79
Q

sustentacular cells

A

support formation of functional sperm; secrete inhibin

80
Q

estrogens

A

steroid hormones that support the maturation of the eggs and stimulate the growth of the lining of the uterus

81
Q

corpus luteum

A

Endocrine tissue which produces estrogen and progesterone after ovulation

82
Q

progesterone

A

accelerates movement of fertilized eggs along uterine tubes, prepares uterus for arrival of developing embryo, causes enlargement of mammary glands

83
Q

leptin

A

negative feedback control of appetite, enhances GnRH and gonadotropin synthesis

84
Q

resistin

A

resists insulin sensitivity

85
Q

antagonistic effects

A

opposinginsulin/glucagon

86
Q

synergistic effect

A

additive effects, where net result is greater than effect of each alone would have beenglucose-sparing action of GH and glucocortisoids

87
Q

permissive effect

A

one hormone must be present to let another work

88
Q

integrative effects

A

different but complementary effectscalcitriol/PTH

89
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

stress responsethree phases: alarm, resistance, exhaustion

90
Q

alarm phase

A

immediate stress response; sympathetic nervous system “fight or flight”; epinephrine

91
Q

resistance phase

A

longer than a few hours; glucocorticoids dominate; some GH, epinephrine, TH; high metabolic demand

92
Q

exhaustion phase

A

system overload; occurs after extended resistance from mineral imbalances

93
Q

acromelagy

A

a disorder resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

94
Q

insulin shock

A

hypoglycemia

95
Q

common endocrine disorders in elderly

A

diabetes, hypothyroidism

96
Q

endocrine vs exocrine

A

Endocrine secretes hormones directly into bloodstream; exocrine secretes into a duct

97
Q

hypothalamus

A

link between nervous and endocrine systemssynthesizes ADH, oxytocin and 5 releasing hormones (thyrotropin-releasing, corticotropin-releasing, gonadotropin-releasing, and growth hormone-releasing)

98
Q

endocrine emergencies

A

generally the result of over or under-production of hormones

99
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

located in the pancreas, contain alpha and beta cells

100
Q

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

A

Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II (active form) to then go to adrenals and secrete aldosterone (cortex)

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