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A&P > Chapter 12: The Heart > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

carries blood to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs

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2
Q

systemic circuit

A

transports blood to and from the rest of the body

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3
Q

pericardial cavity

A

contains the heart; lined by serous membrane called the pericardium

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4
Q

pericardium

A

Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart; visceral and parietal tough, fibrous layer that protects the heart

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5
Q

parietal pericardium

A

lines inner surface of the pericardial sac and is a dense network of collagen fibers

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6
Q

visceral pericardium

A

(epicardium)covers the outer surface of the heart

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7
Q

auricle

A

lumpy, wrinkled flap

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8
Q

coronary sulcus

A

groove usually filled with fat that marks border between atria and ventricles

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9
Q

apex

A

inferior, pointed tip of the heart

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10
Q

myocardium

A

muscular, middle layer of the heartalmost entirely dependent on aerobic metabolism; has many mitochondria, excess myoglobin O2 reserves

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11
Q

endocardium

A

simple squamous inner lining of the heart

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12
Q

intercalated discs

A

specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes

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13
Q

interatrial septum

A

wall that separates the left and right atria

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14
Q

interventricular septum

A

wall that separates the left and right ventricles

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15
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

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16
Q

superior vena cava

A

delivers blood to the heart from the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

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17
Q

inferior vena cava

A

delivers blood to the heart from the trunk, viscera, and lower limbs

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18
Q

fossa ovalis

A

small depression at the prior site of the foramen ovale

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19
Q

foramen ovale

A

connects the two atria in the fetal heart; closes at birth and is permanently sealed within 48 hours

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20
Q

tricuspid valve

A

right atrioventricular valve

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21
Q

chordae tendineae

A

“heart strings” are tiny white connective fibers that anchor the cusps to the ventricular walls; originate from the papillary muscles

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22
Q

papillary muscles

A

cone-shaped projections on the inner surface of the ventricle that contract and pull on chordae tendineae

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23
Q

pulmonary trunk

A

the start of the pulmonary circuit

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24
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

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25
Q

mitral valve

A

bicuspid valve (left atrioventricular valve)

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26
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

aortic valve

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27
Q

regurgitation

A

backflow of blood; swirling sound may create soft sound known as a heart murmur

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28
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

improper closure of the mitral valve; affects an estimated 10% of normal individuals who are asymptomaticmay stem from improperly sized chordae tendineae or malfunctioning papillary muscles

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29
Q

aortic sinuses

A

sac-like expansions at the base of the ascending aorta; prevent the cusps of the aortic semilunar valve from sticking to the wall of the aorta when valve opens

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30
Q

fibrous skeleton of the heart

A

-dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the bases of the large blood vessels
-stabilizes the position of the heart valves and physically isolates atria from ventricles

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31
Q

coronary arteries

A

-left and right branches originate at the base of the aorta (at aortic sinuses)
-where BP is highest in entire body

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32
Q

right coronary artery

A

-forms the marginal and posterior interventricular (descending) branches
-provides blood to right atrium
-BOTH ventricles (makes sense bc left ventricle needs more blood)

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33
Q

left coronary artery

A

forms the circumflex and anterior interventricular (descending) branches
supplies
-blood to left atrium
-left ventricle
-interventricular septum

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34
Q

anastomoses

A

connections between blood vessels; built-in redundancy that ensures that bloodflow will reach target even in the event of a blockage

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35
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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36
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

a form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty deposits (plaque) build up on the inner walls of the arteries

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37
Q

coronary sinus

A

large, thin-walled vein in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus; drains cardiac venous blood into the right atrium

38
Q

infarct

A

area of dead tissue caused by an interruption in blood flow

39
Q

ischemia

A

lack of blood flow

40
Q

coronary artery disease

A

condition characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the walls of the coronary arteries

41
Q

Revascularization

A

Reestablishment of blood supply to a part of the body

42
Q

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PCTA)

A

involves introducing a small catheter into the affected artery to increase the size of the vessel lumen

43
Q

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

A

major procedure that requires that the sternum be split, the heart stopped, and the patient placed on a bypass pump for the duration of the surgery; part of the saphenous vein is frequently taken from the leg to be sewn into the aorta

44
Q

cardioplegia

A

intentional and temporary cessation of cardiac activity, primarily for cardiac surgery

45
Q

2 types of cardiac muscle cells

A

conducting system and contractile cells

46
Q

3 phases of cardiac action potential

A

rapid depolarization, plateau, repolarization complete process takes 25-30 times as long as in a skeletal muscle fiber

47
Q

repolarization

A

calcium leaves the cell to restore the cell to a negative resting membrane potential

48
Q

nodal cells

A

responsible for establishing the rate of cardiac contraction; located in SA and AV nodes

49
Q

conducting cells

A

distribute the contractile stimulus to the general myocardium; major sites include the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

50
Q

flow of electrical impulse through heart

A

SA node –> internodal pathways –> AV node –> AV bundle –> bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

51
Q

bundle of His

A

AV bundle

52
Q

pacemaker cells

A

nodal cells that reach threshold first

53
Q

cardiac pacemaker

A

SA node

54
Q

SA node

A

pacemaker of the heart; spontaneously generates 70-80 action potentials per minute

55
Q

AV node

A

atrioventricular node; only generates 40-60 action potentials per minute; slows down impulse from SA node to give the atria time to fully contract before ventricular contraction begins

56
Q

bradycardia

A

slow heart rate (less than 60bpm)

57
Q

tachycardia

A

fast heart rate (more than 100bpm)

58
Q

ectopic pacemaker

A

a pacemaker other than the SA or AV node

59
Q

P wave

A

depolarization of the atria

60
Q

QRS complex

A

depolarization of ventricles

61
Q

T wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

62
Q

cardiac arrythmias

A

abnormal patterns of cardiac activity

63
Q

first heart sound

A

“lubb”produced as AV valves close, semilunar valves open

64
Q

second heart sound

A

“dupp”occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole, when the semilunar valves close

65
Q

stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped from a ventricle of the heart in a single beat

66
Q

cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minuteCO = SV x HR

67
Q

myocardial concussion

A

“commotio cordis”When the heart stops due to a sudden blow to the chest

68
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

“atrial reflex”produces adjustments in HR in response to an increase in venous return

69
Q

venous return

A

flow of venous blood to the heart

70
Q

filling time

A

duration of ventricular diastole

71
Q

Frank-Starling principle

A

As venous return increases, stroke volume in ventricles increases”more in = more out”

72
Q

cardioacceleratory center

A

controls sympathetic neurons that increase the heart rate

73
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

controls the parasympathetic neurons that slow the heart rate

74
Q

hypercalcemia

A

an abnormally high level of calcium in the blood; heart muscles become extremely excitable

75
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

deficient levels of calcium in the blood; heart contractions become very weak and may cease altogether

76
Q

hyperkalemia

A

excessive potassium in the blood; cardiac contractions become weak and irregular

77
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficient potassium in the blood; heart rate is reduced (bradycardia)

78
Q

digitalis

A

works directly on the heart muscle to strengthen and regulate the heartbeat by increasing the Ca+ concentration within myocardium

79
Q

angina pectoris

A

severe chest pain that results from temporary ischemia whenever the heart’s workload increases

80
Q

balloon angioplasty

A

a technique for reducing the size of a coronary plaque by compressing it against the arterial walls using a catheter with an inflatable collar

81
Q

carditis

A

inflammation of the heart

82
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

a condition that results from pericardial irritation and inflammation; fluid collects in the pericardial sac and restricts cardiac output

83
Q

rheumatic heart disease

A

disorder in which the heart valves become thickened and stiffen into a partially closed position; reduces the efficiency of the heart

84
Q

valvular heart disease

A

a disorder caused by abnormal functioning of one of the cardiac valves; severity depends on the degree of damage and the valve involved

85
Q

rotation of the heart

A

slightly to the left; right side of heart lays anterior, left side sits posterior

86
Q

sodium

A

causes depolarization

87
Q

three properties of cardiac cells

A

automaticity, excitability, conductivity

88
Q

heart dynamics

A

refers to movements and forces generated in cardiac contractions

89
Q

Five phases of cardiac action potential

A

-depolarization (Na+ entry)
-early repolarization
-plateau (Ca+ entry)
-repolarization (K+ loss)
-resting phase (return to normal ionic concentrations)

90
Q

coronal sinus

A

cardiac veins return blood here; opens into right atrium

A&P (19 decks)

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