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A&P > Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

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2
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions

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3
Q

Surfactants

A

Lower surface tension of liquid; allow it to spread over surface

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4
Q

Decomposition Reactions

A

Reaction in which a single compound breaks down to form two or more simpler subtsances

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water

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6
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of complex molecules to form simpler ones, together with release of energy; destructive metabolism

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7
Q

Anabolism

A

Synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism

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8
Q

Synthesis

A

Opposite of destruction; building of larger molecules from smaller components

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9
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

Formation of large molecules by the removal of water

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10
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Parts of reactants are shuffled around to form new products

AB+CD—-> AD + CB

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11
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

A chemical reaction that releases energy

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12
Q

Endergonic Reaction

A

Reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings

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13
Q

Metabolism

A

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

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14
Q

Catalysts

A

Chemical agents that speed up chemical reactions without being changed by the reaction

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that act as biological catalysts

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16
Q

Ionization

A

Dissociation of ionic bonds in solution

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17
Q

Acids

A

Contain H+ ions; pH<7

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18
Q

Bases

A

Contain OH- ions; pH>7

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19
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

20
Q

Buffers

A

Stabilize pH by removing or replacing H+ ions

Lactate

21
Q

Salt

A

Ionic compound not containing H+ or OH-; dissociate in water, releasing anions and cations

NaCl (table salt)

Electrolytes

22
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that contain an electrical current in solution

23
Q

4 Main classes of organic compounds

A

Carbs, fats
(lipids), proteins, nucleic acids

24
Q

Types of cardohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

25
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Contain 3-7 carbon atoms, dissolve rapidly; glucose, fructose, galactose

26
Q

Disaccharides

A

Made up of 2 monosaccharides

sucrose (fructose+glucose), lactose (galactose+glucose), maltose (glucose+glucose)

27
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Made up of more than 2 monosaccharides

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

28
Q

Lipids

A

Does NOT Contain C+H+O in ration of 1:2:1

Fatty acid, fats, steroids, phospholipids

29
Q

Fatty acids

A

Long carbon chains with hydorgen atoms attched ending in carboxyl (-COOH) group

Hydroxyl (Single bonded OH)
+
Carbonyl (Double bonded O group)

In water, only carboxyl end dissolves; hydrocarbon tail is insoluble (hydrophobic)

30
Q

Saturated fats

A

Contain no double C=C bonds

Solid at room temperature

31
Q

Monosatrurated fats

A

One double C=C bond

Liquid at room temperature

32
Q

Polyunsaturated fats

A

More than one double C=C bond

Liquid at room temperature

33
Q

Fats

A

Assembly of multiple fatty acids with glycerol

34
Q

Triglycerides

A

Most common fat; 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol head

35
Q

Steroids

A

Large lipids composed of 4 carbon rings

Cholesterol

36
Q

Phospholipids

A

Formed by 2 molecules

Glycerol + 2 fatty acids (tail)
Organic molecule + phosphate (head)

Found in cell membrane; non lipid head (soluble in water) tail is insoluble (in water)

37
Q

Proteins

A

Perform a variety of functions, made up of amino acid chains

38
Q

Amino Acids

A

Made up on amino (-NH2), carboxyl (-COOH), and variable R group

39
Q

Peptide bond

A

Amino group + Carboxyl group which releases an H2O molecule

40
Q

Globular Proteins

A

Spherical, hydrophilic (water soluble) proteins

41
Q

Substrate

A

The substance(s), which an enzyme acts to form product(s)

42
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA store and process information within cells

43
Q

DNA

A

Double helix shape

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

44
Q

RNA

A

Single strand helix

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cystosine (C), Guanine (G)

45
Q

High energy bonds

A

Used to transfer energy obtained via catablosim

A&P (19 decks)

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