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A&P > A&P Final Exam > Flashcards

A&P Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Existence of a stable internal state. To survive every organism must maintain this

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2
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

This is the body’s automatic response to correct a situation. (thermoregulation)
-opposes stimulus

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3
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces the stimulus (blood clotting & child birth)

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4
Q

Metabolism

A

Refers to all of the the chemical operations that take place in the body

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5
Q

Anatomical postion

A

hands at sides, palms forward, feet together

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6
Q

Supine

A

person lying face up

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7
Q

Prone

A

Person lying face down

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8
Q

Distal

A

away from the attached base

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9
Q

Proximal

A

Toward the attached base

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10
Q

Anatomical planes

A

transverse, sagital, midsagital, coronal (frontal)

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11
Q

Vertebral sections

A

Cervicle(7), thoracic(12), lumbar(5), sacral(5 fused), coccyx(3-5 fused)

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12
Q

Anatomical quadrants (and what organs are in each)

A

Right upper- Liver, Gallbladder, Large & small intestine
left upper- Stomach, spleen
right lower- Appendix
left lower- Urinary bladder

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13
Q

Atom

A

smallest unit of matter

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14
Q

Molecule

A

group of atoms bonded together

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15
Q

Element

A

simple substance that can cannot be broken down into smaller parts

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16
Q

Ion

A

An atom with an electrical charge

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17
Q

Proton

A

subatomic particle in the nuclei with a positive charge

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18
Q

Neutron

A

Subatomic particle with no charge found in the nuclei

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19
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle. Form electron cloud

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20
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Made up of more than 2 monosaccharides

Starches, glycogen, cellulose

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21
Q

Monosaccharides

A

-Most simplest form of sugar
-glucose, fructose, galactose

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22
Q

ATP

A

-AdenosineTriPhosphate
-ADP+P
-Energy currency

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23
Q

ADP

A

-Adenosinediphosphate
-AMP+Phosphate
-ATP —>ADP+P by hydrolysis = energy production
- ADP+P —>ATP by phosphorylation

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24
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Provides stregnth and support; enables movement of cell structures and materials

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25
Q

Endoskeleton

A

-supports the cells just like a skeletal system supports the body of an organism.
-endomembrane system comprises the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, and lysosome.

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26
Q

Cilia

A

Membrane extensions that contain microtubules

Move materials over surface of cell

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27
Q

Vesicles

A

-a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer

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28
Q

Flagella

A

Long, whip-like filament that moves cell through fluid

In humans only,found in sperm cells

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29
Q

Golgi Appartus

A

Stacks of flattened memebranes that contain chambers

Stores, alters, packages secretory products

form lysosomes

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30
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Lipid bilayers

Provides isolation, protection, sensitivity and support; controls ent/exit or materials

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31
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, nucleotids, enzymes and proteins

Control metabolism; stores and processes genetic information; controls protein synthesis

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32
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double memebrane with inner folds

95% of ATP produced

POWERHOUSE

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33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Free and fixed
Protein synthesis
Reason why rough ER only packages proteins (synthesis takes place in ribosomes)

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34
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes
remove damaged organelles or pathogens within cells

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35
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from low to high solute concentration

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36
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration of solutes

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37
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Carrier proteins passively transport solutes down a concentration gradient

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38
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

several layers of cells

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39
Q

Cuboidal

A

layer(s) of cubed shaped cells

nucleus is found in center of cell

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40
Q

Columnar

A

Layer of tall cells that fit closely together

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41
Q

Squamous

A

layer of flattened cells

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42
Q

Connective tissue

A

most diverse tissue of the body
-Connective tissue proper (loose/dense)
-Fluid connective tissue (blood/lymph)
-Supporting connective tissue (cartilage/bone)

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43
Q

Mucosa tissue

A

soft tissue that lines the body’s canals and organs in the digestive, respiratory and reproductive systems

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44
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

covers the surface of the body, inside and out; produce glandular secretions

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45
Q

Involuntary muscles

A

Muscles in the body whose contraction is controlled by the autonomic nervous system
-smooth muscle
-cardiac
-respiratory muscles (diaphragm)

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46
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

Muscles that you have control of contracting / Striated

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47
Q

Calcium

A

Most abundant mineral in the human body; roughly 99% of it is located in the skeleton. the skeleton acts as a calcium reserve

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48
Q

Potassium

A

Important for proper membrane function, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

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49
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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50
Q

Epiphyses

A

expanded ends of long bones

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51
Q

Osteoclasts

A

giant cells with 50 or more nuclei; dissolve bony matrix to release stored minerals through osteolysis

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52
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cells, maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts, assist in repairs

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53
Q

Osteoblasts

A

produce new bone in process called osteogenesis

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54
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Loose connective tissue found in the center of most bones, synthesizes blood cells.

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55
Q

cartilage

A

Supporting connective tissue
Fibrocartilage - in between vertebrae
hyaline - (Most common) sternum and ends of long bones
elastic - outer ear

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56
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

80 bones.
Skull, vertebral column, and rig cage

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57
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

-126 bones
-bones of the upper and lower limbs (arms, forearms, wrist, hands, thigh, leg, ankle, foot)
-pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle)
-pelvic girdle (coxae)

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58
Q

joint types

A

-synarthrosis (immovable, fibrous)
-amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable, cartilaginous)
-diarthrosis (freely moveable, synovial)

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59
Q

synovial joints

A

-hinge: 1 bone moves, other is stationary (elbow)
-saddle joint: angular movement, greater than condyloid (Thumb)
-Gliding: gliding movement (distal phalanges)
-pivot: rotational movement (atlas)
-condyloid: angular movement along two axes (wrist)
-ball and socket: greatest range of motion, all directions (hip)

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60
Q

point of origin

A

is the site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction. The origin is typically the tissues’ proximal attachment, the one closest to the torso.

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61
Q

point of insertion

A

is the site where bone and muscle are attached and move during contraction. The origin of insertion of muscles is typically the tissues’ distal attachment, the one furthest from the torso. As the muscle contracts, the insertion and connected bone move closer to the body.

62
Q

intercalated discs

A

-found in cardiac muscle
-connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells
-The three types of cell junction recognised as making up an intercalated disc are: desmosomes, fascia adherens junctions, and gap junctions; Fascia adherens are anchoring sites for actin, and connect to the closest sarcomere.

63
Q

actin

A

-protein of thin filaments in myofibril
-attach to myosin (thick filaments) at cross bridge in sarcomere to perform contraction
-found in I band of sarcomere

64
Q

myosin

A

-protein of thick filament in myofirbil
-attach to actin in sarcomere at cross bridge to perform contraction
-found in dark A band of sarcomere with thin filaments

65
Q

Myofibrils

A

-cylindrical structure made of organized collections of myofilaments in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
-Bundles of thick and thin myofilaments (consist of proteins actin and myosin) responsible for muscle fiber contraction

66
Q

Sarcomeres

A

an organization of myofilaments into repeating functional units. They are the smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber. Interactions between the thick and thin filaments of these are responsible for muscle contractions.

67
Q

Striations (muscle striations)

A

-the arrangement of thick and thin filaments within a sarcomere produces a banded appearance
-All the myofibrils are arranged parallel to the long axis of the cell, and their sarcomere’s lie side by side
-As a result, the entire muscle fiber has a striated appearance.

68
Q

Melanin

A

yellow brown pigment produced by the melanocytes of the skin. It helps prevent skin damage by absorbing UV radiation before it reaches the deep layers of the epidermis and dermis.

69
Q

Keratin

A

-produced from keranocytes in stratum grainulosum where stem cell division stops
-also forms the basic structure of hair, calluses, and nails.

70
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

(oil glands) holocrine glands that discharge an oily lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles or, in some cases, onto the skin.

71
Q

Layers of the Skin (interior to exterior)

A

(interior to exterior) SUBCUTANEOUS; DERMIS (reticular layer, papillary layer); EPIDERMIS (Stratum germinativum, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum {thick skin only}, stratum corneum).

72
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

one of the two efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system. Provides control over skeletal muscle contractions.

73
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

aka visceral motor system, provides automatic involuntary regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glandular secretions, and adipose tissue. Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

74
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

division of ANS. responsible for “fight or flight” reactions. Primarily concerned with the elevation of metabolic rate and increased alertness. (Ex. increased heart rate/breathing ability/ improve eyesight, slow digestion)

75
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

division of ANS. Generally responsible for activities that conserve energy and lower the metabolic rate “feed and breed”; also called craniosacral division. (ex. sexual arousal, salivation, urination, digestion)

76
Q

Myelin

A

insulating sheath around an axon consisting of multiple layers of glial cell membrane; significantly increases conduction rate along the axon.

77
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

a large bundle of more than 200 million myelinated nerve fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres, permitting communication between the right and left sides of the brain.

78
Q

Cranial Nerves and basic function

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves connect to brain.
NI. Olfactory nerves (sense of smell)
NII. Optic nerves (visual info from the eyes)
NIII. Oculomotor nerves (move eyeball/ control amount of light that enters eye)
NIV. Trochlear nerves (pulley shaped; attaches to eyeball)
NV. Trigeminal nerves (largest; provide sensory info from head/ face; motor control of chewing muscles)
NVI. Abducen nerves (abducts the eyeball, allows for lateral movement)
NVII. Facial nerves (deep pressure sense, taste, facial expressions)
NVIII. Vestibulocochlear nerves (monitor sensory receptors of inner ear)
NIX. Glossopharyngeal Nerves (taste sensations from posterior third of tongue)
NX. Vagus nerves (sensory info vital to autonomic control of visceral function)
NXI. Accessory Nerves (innervate structures of the neck and back)
NXII. Hypoglossal nerves (voluntary control over skeletal muscles of tongue)

79
Q

Dorsal Column Tract

A

-the area of vibration sensation, proprioception, and two-point discrimination
-sensory input

80
Q

Parts of Brain and their responsibility

A

-Cerebrum (conscious thought and intellectual functions originate)

-Diencephalon (contains: thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, switching and relay centers that integrate conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands)

-Thalamus (brain’s sensory switchboard (sorting center)
located on top of the brainstem
directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
transmits and replies to the cerebellum and medulla)

-Midbrain (contains various nuclei and bundles of ascending and descending nerve fibers. Visual and auditory, sleep and wake cycles).

Pons (links the cerebellum with the midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord).

Medulla Oblongata (regulate vital autonomic functions including cardiovascular and respiratory systems).

Cerebellum (autonomic processing center. adjusts the postural muscles of the body to maintain balance and programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the conscious and subconscious levels).

81
Q

Ventral Column Tract

A
  • Located in the anterior funiculus
  • Delivers poorly localized sensations of touch, pressure, pain and temp to primary sensory cortex.
    -Delivers sensory input to thalamus
    -Motor
82
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Lies in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and proximal portion of the small intestine.
  • Exocrine cells make digestive enzymes
  • Endocrine cells make glucagon and insulin.
83
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Lies inferior to the third ventricle, contains important control and integrative centers in addition to those associated with the limbic system.
  • Functions are
    1. subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions associated with rage, pleasure, pain and sexual arousal;
    2. Adjusting activities of the pons and medulla oblongata(HR, BP, respiration, digestive functions)
    3. Coordinating activities of the nervous and endocrine systems.
    4. Secreting hormones
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
    5. Producing behavioral drives(hunger and thirst)
    6. Coordinating voluntary and autonomic functions
    7. Regulating body temp
    8. Coordinating daily cycles of activity
84
Q

Thyroid

A
  • Lies anterior to the trachea and inferior to the thyroid cartilage
  • Two lobes united by a slender connection the isthmus.
  • Contains numerous thyroid follicles.
  • Stimulated by TSH
  • Colloid fluid contains numerous proteins and thyroid hormones.
    T4
    T3
85
Q

Pituitary Gland

A
  • Anterior Pituitary Gland
    Produces 7 hormones: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH.
  • Posterior Pituitary gland
    releases Oxytocin and ADH.
86
Q

Thymus Gland

A
  • Lies in the mediastinum posterior to the sternum.
  • Site of T cell production and maturation.
87
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)

A
  • Synthesized in the hypothalamus, secreted at the posterior pituitary.
  • Causes water retention at the kidneys and an elevation of blood pressure.
88
Q

Structures of the Eye

A
  • Accessory structures:
    Eyelids
    Superficial epithelium
    Production secretion and removal of tears
  • Fibrous tunic
    Sclera
    Cornea
  • Vascular tunic
    Blood vessels
    Lymphatic vessels
    Intrinsic eye muscles
    Iris
    Pupil
  • Neural tunic (retina)
    Innermost layer contains:
    -Pigmented Part (outer layer)
    Absorbs light after it passes through the neural part
    -Neural part (inner layer)
    Photoreceptors
    Blood vessels
    Supporting cells and neurons
89
Q

Inner ear

A
  • Senses of equilibrium and hearing provided here.
  • Protected by the bony labyrinth
    -Surrounds the membranous labyrinth
    –Filled with endolymph
    –Perilymph in between bony and membranous labyrinth.
  • Vestibule pair of membranous sacs
    -Saccule
    -Utricle
  • Semicircular canals enclose semicircular ducts
    -Canals called vestibular complex
  • Cochlea
    -Contains cochlear ducts of membranous labyrinth.
90
Q

Middle ear

A
  • AKA Tympanic cavity
  • Air filled cavity separated from external ear by tympanum.
  • Communicates with nasopharynx
    -Connected by auditory tube
  • Contains auditory ossicles
    -Malleus
    -Incus
    -Stapes
91
Q

External ear

A
  • Auricle (pinna)
    -Surrounds entrance to the external acoustic canal(ear canal)
    –Ear canal has ceruminous glands (ear wax)
  • Ends at the tympanic membrane.
92
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A
  • unoxygenated blood through the sup/inf vena cava
  • Into right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • Into right ventricle
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Left atrium
  • bicuspid(mitral) valve
  • Left ventricle
  • Aortic semilunar valve
  • aorta
93
Q

Interventricular Septum

A

Divide the two ventricles

94
Q

Electrical pathway through the heart

A
  • SA node
  • Internodal pathways
  • AV node
  • Bundle of His
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
95
Q

Coronary Arteries and which sections of the heart get blood from which artery

A
  • RCA
    -Supplies
    –Right atruim and both ventricles.
    -Forms
    –Marginal and posterior interventricular branches.
  • LCA
    -Supplies
    –Left atrium and ventricle, interventricular septum.
    -Forms
    –Circumflex and anterior & posterior interventricular branches
96
Q

Eosinophil

A

Parasite fighting granulated wbc

97
Q

Basophil

A

Granulated wbc that releases histamine and heparin

98
Q

Neutrophil

A

-First to injury site activates mast cells phagocytic
-Bacterial

99
Q

Mast cell

A

Release heparine and histamine into tissues to support inflammatory response

100
Q

Monocytes

A

-Largest white blood cell phagocytic
-Differentiate into macrophages and monocytes
-Defense against viruses and bacteria

101
Q

Pathway of blood leaving heart and returning (Vessels)

A

Artery, arterioles, capillary, venules, veins

102
Q

Fibrin

A

an insoluble protein that is produced in response to bleeding and is the major component of the blood clot. Fibrin is a tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains; it is formed from fibrinogen

103
Q

Fibrinogen

A

A soluble protein that is produced by the liver and found in blood plasma

104
Q

Platelets

A

Help to form clots in order to repair injured tissues
Thrombin- an enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

105
Q

Prothrombin

A

A blood clotting protein that is needed to form fibrin produced in the liver
-Needs vitamin K

106
Q

Angina and what can cause it

A

Chest pain caused by the arteries that supply your heart muscle with blood and oxygen are narrowed by a fatty substance called plaque which reduces blood flow to the heart

107
Q

Surfactant

A

-Surfactant is a mixture of fat and proteins made in the lungs
-Surfactant coats the alveoli
-Insufficient surfactant can cause respiratory distress syndrome which is very common premature newborns

108
Q

Respiration

A

Gas exchange between capillaries and blood. External :Gas exchange between lungs and blood
Internal : tissue level

109
Q

Tidal Volume

A

The amount of air that is moved in our out of your lungs with each respiratory cycle.
Inspiratory reserve volume

110
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration

111
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air a person can exhale forcefully after a tidal volume expiration

112
Q

Antigen

A

A toxin or other foreign substance which triggers an immune response from the body. Especially the production of antibodies.

113
Q

Antibody

A

A protein made by plasma cells in response to an Antigen.

114
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

Type of white blood cell that makes antibodies, Responsible for anti-body mediated immunity. Produced in the bone marrow.

115
Q

T Lymphocyte

A

Originate in the thymus, 3 Types: 1. Cytotoxic (Directly attack foreign cells or body cells infected by virus) 2. Helper T cells (Stimulate the activities of both T and B cells.) 3. Suppressor T Cells (Inhibit both T and B cells).

116
Q

NK Cells

A

Attack foreign cells, normal cells infected with viruses, and cancer cells that appear in normal tissues. Their continual monitoring of peripheral tissues is known as immunological surveillance.

117
Q

Immunity types

A

-Active immunity: Produced by antibodies that develop due to antigens
-Naturally acquired active immunity: Developed after exposure to antigens in environment.
Induced active immunity: Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease.
-Passive immunity: Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person.
Naturally Passive immunity: Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk.
Induced Passive immunity: Conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection.

118
Q

Lipase

A

Enzyme the body uses to break down fats in the food so they can be absorbed in the intestines.

119
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Make saliva which aids in digestion, keeps your mouth moist and supports healthy teeth. It aids in chewing and breaking down food. Parotid(biggest) Sublingual (smallest) Submandibular.

120
Q

Glomerulus

A

-Recieve blood from afferent arteriole
-A cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels
-In particular a cluster of capillaries around the end of a kidney tubule
-waste products are filtered from the blood
-blood levels in efferent arteriole

121
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

-Also known as Bowman’s capsule
-Two walled pouch that covers the glomerulus
-Beginning of PCT
-Extract wastes, salts, and H20 from blood

122
Q

Renal Tubule

A

encapsulates the PCT, loop of henley and DCT, collecting duct

123
Q

Loop of Henley

A

-Composed of ascending and descending limb into tissues
-Descending limb: Reabsorption of H20 into tissues
-Ascending limb: Reabsorption of HC03- and NaCl

124
Q

Renal Capsule

A

The kidneys are surrounded by a dense fibrous covering called the Renal Capsule

125
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg
Supposed to have 23 pairs of chromosomes

126
Q

Fetus

A

Unborn offspring that develops from an embryo

127
Q

Embryo

A

embryonic development is the part of the life cycle that begins just after fertilization of the female egg cell by the male sperm cell.

128
Q

Perimetrium

A

Outer most layer of the uterus

129
Q

Endometreum

A

Mucus lining of the uterus

130
Q

Fundus

A

Rounded superior portion of uterus

131
Q

Cervix

A

The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina.

132
Q

Menstruation

A

periods

133
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain during Menstruation

134
Q

Varicella zoster

A

More commonly known as chickenpox, it is characterized by fever and severe skin rash.

135
Q

Diabetes

A

Type 1 and type 2

136
Q

Lordosis

A

Exaggerated curvature of the Lumbar

137
Q

Kyphosis

A

Exaggerated curvature of thoracic (hunchback)
“ COX “

138
Q

Scoliosis

A

sideways curvature of the spine

139
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

weight gain, Hyperadrenlism

140
Q

Graves’ Disease

A

weight loss; over production of thyroid hormones

141
Q

Addisons disease

A

Adrenal glands do not make enough cortisol
Hypocorticolism

142
Q

Croup

A

An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough.

143
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways.

144
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of larynx, voicebox

145
Q

Asthma

A

-a condition in which a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow and swell
-produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe.

146
Q

Bronchitis

A

an infection of the main airways of the lungs (bronchi), causing them to become irritated and inflamed

147
Q

Emphysema

A

the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged; shortness of breath

148
Q

How do Bronchodilators (drug) work?

A

relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the airways (bronchi).

149
Q

Filtration stops

A

-if pressure drops
-filtration is dependent on pressure

150
Q

Prolonged pressure increase

A

Leads to vasoconstriction

A&P (19 decks)

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