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A&P > Chapter 6: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone

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2
Q

epiphyses

A

expanded ends of long bones

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3
Q

cancellous bone

A

spongy bone; resembles a network of bony rods or struts separated by spaces

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4
Q

periosteum

A

outer surface of a bone

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5
Q

Endosteum

A

membranous lining of the inner hollow cavity of the bone

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6
Q

Haversian canal

A

central channel of the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers

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7
Q

trabeculae

A

supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone

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8
Q

Osteocytes

A

mature bone cells; maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts, assist in repairs

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9
Q

osteoclasts

A

giant cells with 50 or more nuclei; dissolve bony matrix to release stored minerals through osteolysis

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10
Q

osteoblasts

A

produce new bone in process called osteogenesis

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11
Q

ossification

A

the process of replacing other tissues with bone

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12
Q

lamellae

A

sheets of calcified matrix between which lacunae are found

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13
Q

lacunae

A

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

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14
Q

Canaliculi

A

small channels that connect lacunae and link them to nearby blood vessels

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15
Q

appositional growth

A

growth in width

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16
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

works with calcitriol (secreted by kidneys) to increase calcium levels in the body

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17
Q

calcitriol

A

Active form of D3 produced in kidney and parathyroid gland which stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract

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18
Q

calcitonin

A

-secreted from thyroid
-depresses calcium levels in body fluids

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19
Q

fracture hematoma

A

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

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20
Q

torus fracture

A

cortex buckles but does not break; exclusivly in children

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21
Q

impacted fracture

A

broken bone ends are forced into each other

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22
Q

Colles fracture

A

fracture of the distal radius at the wrist; creates fork shape

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23
Q

osteopenia

A

inadequate ossification

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24
Q

process

A

any projection or bump

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25
Q

ramus

A

An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure

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26
Q

Trochanter

A

large, rough projection

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27
Q

tuberosity

A

small rough projection

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28
Q

Tubercle

A

small rounded projection

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29
Q

crest

A

prominent ridge

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30
Q

line

A

low ridge

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31
Q

spine

A

pointed process

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32
Q

head

A

expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck

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33
Q

neck

A

A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

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34
Q

condyle

A

smooth, rounded articular process

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35
Q

trochlea

A

smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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36
Q

facet

A

small, flat articular surface

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37
Q

fossa

A

shallow depression

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38
Q

sulcus

A

narrow groove

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39
Q

foramen

A

rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

40
Q

canal

A

passageway through the substance of a bone

41
Q

fissure

A

elongated cleft

42
Q

sinus

A

chamber within a bone, normally filled with air

43
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

opening for a major sensory nerve from the face

44
Q

sagittal suture

A

between parietal bones

45
Q

coronal suture

A

the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull

46
Q

lambdoid suture

A

between parietal bones and occipital bone

47
Q

occipital condyles

A

sites of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column

48
Q

styloid process

A

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull; attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone

49
Q

sella turcica

A

“Turk’s saddle”; depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

50
Q

cribriform plate

A

holes in this surface of the ethmoid permit passage of the olfactory nerves

51
Q

zygomatic arch

A

extension of temporal bone that connect to zygomatic bone

52
Q

hyoid

A

a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue, larynx, and pharynx

53
Q

primary spinal curves

A

thoracic and sacral

54
Q

secondary spinal curves

A

cervical and lumbar

55
Q

atlas

A

C1

56
Q

axis

A

c2

57
Q

true ribs

A

first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum

58
Q

false ribs

A

ribs 8-10; do not attach directly to sternum; 11-12 floating ribs

59
Q

glenoid cavity

A

socket in scapular that receives head of humerus

60
Q

Synarthrosis

A

immovable joint

61
Q

suture

A

bones are interlocked and bound together by dense connective tissue; type of synarthrosis

62
Q

Gomphosis

A

ligament binds joint; type of synarthrosis used to anchor teeth

63
Q

Synchondrosis

A

a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones; type of synarthrosis (ribs meet sternum)

64
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

65
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones connected by ligaments; type of amphiarthrosis found in tib-fib connection

66
Q

symphysis

A

connection by fibrocartilage pad

67
Q

Diarthrosis

A

complex, freely movable joint; synovial joint

68
Q

bursae

A

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; act as shock absorbers and reduce friction

69
Q

rheumatism

A

general term describing pain and stiffness that arises in the skeletal or muscular systems

70
Q

arthritis

A

includes all of the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints

71
Q

osteoarthritis

A

“degenerative arthritis” or “degenerative joint disease”

72
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

An inflammatory condition caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease

73
Q

inversion

A

turning inward

74
Q

eversion

A

turning outward

75
Q

pivot joints

A

allow rotation only

76
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation

77
Q

rickets

A

childhood disorder that reduces the amount of calcium salts in the skeleton; characterized by a bowlegged appearance

78
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal lumbar curve of the spine

79
Q

Five functions of the skeletal system

A

support, storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage

80
Q

four basic types of bone

A

long (humerus, femur)short (carpals, tarsals)flat (parietal, ribs, scapulae)irregular (vertebrae)

81
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate

82
Q

osteon

A

basic functional unit of compact bone

83
Q

perforating canals

A

provide passageways for linking the blood vessels, linking the marrow cavity and periosteum

84
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

85
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones
skull, vertebral column, rib cage

86
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones
pelvic girdle, pectoral girdles, and limbs

87
Q

cranium

A

8 bones

88
Q

face

A

14 bones

89
Q

mastoid process

A

part of temporal bone; prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the entrance to the external acoustic canal; site for the attachment of muscles that rotate or extend the head

90
Q

vertebrae

A

24 + sacrum + coccyx; includes a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and articular processes

91
Q

pelvic girdle

A

ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx

92
Q

carpal bones

A

wrist; 8 bones

93
Q

tarsal bones

A

ankle; 7 bones

94
Q

clavicle

A

Most commonly fractured bone in the body

95
Q

tibial tuberosity

A

point where the patellar ligament attaches to tibia

96
Q

Injury/Repair of bone process

A

Step 1- Injury; extensive bleeding occurs, hematoma develops
Step 2- Periosteum and endosteum undergo mitosis, form localized thickening, produce hyaline cartilage
Step 3- Osteoblasts replaced cartilage with spony bone (endochondrial ossification), ends of bone are solidified to withstand muscle tension
Step 4- Spongy bone formation will be present for 4months-1 year, eventually leading to a fully repaired bone

A&P (19 decks)

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