Chapter 6: Skeletal System Flashcards
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphyses
expanded ends of long bones
cancellous bone
spongy bone; resembles a network of bony rods or struts separated by spaces
periosteum
outer surface of a bone
Endosteum
membranous lining of the inner hollow cavity of the bone
Haversian canal
central channel of the osteon that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
trabeculae
supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone
Osteocytes
mature bone cells; maintain normal bone structure by recycling calcium salts, assist in repairs
osteoclasts
giant cells with 50 or more nuclei; dissolve bony matrix to release stored minerals through osteolysis
osteoblasts
produce new bone in process called osteogenesis
ossification
the process of replacing other tissues with bone
lamellae
sheets of calcified matrix between which lacunae are found
lacunae
small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes
Canaliculi
small channels that connect lacunae and link them to nearby blood vessels
appositional growth
growth in width
parathyroid hormone
works with calcitriol (secreted by kidneys) to increase calcium levels in the body
calcitriol
Active form of D3 produced in kidney and parathyroid gland which stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract
calcitonin
-secreted from thyroid
-depresses calcium levels in body fluids
fracture hematoma
blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone
torus fracture
cortex buckles but does not break; exclusivly in children
impacted fracture
broken bone ends are forced into each other
Colles fracture
fracture of the distal radius at the wrist; creates fork shape
osteopenia
inadequate ossification
process
any projection or bump
ramus
An extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure
Trochanter
large, rough projection
tuberosity
small rough projection
Tubercle
small rounded projection
crest
prominent ridge
line
low ridge
spine
pointed process
head
expanded articular end of an epiphysis, often separated from the shaft by a narrower neck
neck
A narrow connection between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
condyle
smooth, rounded articular process
trochlea
smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley
facet
small, flat articular surface
fossa
shallow depression
sulcus
narrow groove
foramen
rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves
canal
passageway through the substance of a bone
fissure
elongated cleft
sinus
chamber within a bone, normally filled with air
infraorbital foramen
opening for a major sensory nerve from the face
sagittal suture
between parietal bones
coronal suture
the suture between the parietal and frontal bones of the skull
lambdoid suture
between parietal bones and occipital bone
occipital condyles
sites of articulation between the skull and the vertebral column
styloid process
pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull; attached to ligaments that support the hyoid bone
sella turcica
“Turk’s saddle”; depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located
cribriform plate
holes in this surface of the ethmoid permit passage of the olfactory nerves
zygomatic arch
extension of temporal bone that connect to zygomatic bone
hyoid
a U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue, larynx, and pharynx
primary spinal curves
thoracic and sacral
secondary spinal curves
cervical and lumbar
atlas
C1
axis
c2
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
false ribs
ribs 8-10; do not attach directly to sternum; 11-12 floating ribs
glenoid cavity
socket in scapular that receives head of humerus
Synarthrosis
immovable joint
suture
bones are interlocked and bound together by dense connective tissue; type of synarthrosis
Gomphosis
ligament binds joint; type of synarthrosis used to anchor teeth
Synchondrosis
a rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones; type of synarthrosis (ribs meet sternum)
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable joint
syndesmosis
bones connected by ligaments; type of amphiarthrosis found in tib-fib connection
symphysis
connection by fibrocartilage pad
Diarthrosis
complex, freely movable joint; synovial joint
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid; act as shock absorbers and reduce friction
rheumatism
general term describing pain and stiffness that arises in the skeletal or muscular systems
arthritis
includes all of the rheumatic diseases that affect synovial joints
osteoarthritis
“degenerative arthritis” or “degenerative joint disease”
rheumatoid arthritis
An inflammatory condition caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease
inversion
turning inward
eversion
turning outward
pivot joints
allow rotation only
subluxation
partial dislocation
rickets
childhood disorder that reduces the amount of calcium salts in the skeleton; characterized by a bowlegged appearance
lordosis
abnormal lumbar curve of the spine
Five functions of the skeletal system
support, storage, blood cell production, protection, leverage
four basic types of bone
long (humerus, femur)short (carpals, tarsals)flat (parietal, ribs, scapulae)irregular (vertebrae)
epiphyseal plate
growth plate
osteon
basic functional unit of compact bone
perforating canals
provide passageways for linking the blood vessels, linking the marrow cavity and periosteum
endochondral ossification
bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
axial skeleton
80 bones
skull, vertebral column, rib cage
appendicular skeleton
126 bones
pelvic girdle, pectoral girdles, and limbs
cranium
8 bones
face
14 bones
mastoid process
part of temporal bone; prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the entrance to the external acoustic canal; site for the attachment of muscles that rotate or extend the head
vertebrae
24 + sacrum + coccyx; includes a vertebral body, vertebral arch, and articular processes
pelvic girdle
ilium, ischium, pubis, sacrum, coccyx
carpal bones
wrist; 8 bones
tarsal bones
ankle; 7 bones
clavicle
Most commonly fractured bone in the body
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches to tibia
Injury/Repair of bone process
Step 1- Injury; extensive bleeding occurs, hematoma develops
Step 2- Periosteum and endosteum undergo mitosis, form localized thickening, produce hyaline cartilage
Step 3- Osteoblasts replaced cartilage with spony bone (endochondrial ossification), ends of bone are solidified to withstand muscle tension
Step 4- Spongy bone formation will be present for 4months-1 year, eventually leading to a fully repaired bone
