Chapter 9: Social Interaction Flashcards
statuses
positions in society that are used to classify individuals; most are in relation to other statuses; ex. Being a student
3 types of statuses
ascribed, achieved, master
ascribed status
a status that is given involuntarily, due to factors such as race, ethnicity, gender, etc.
achieved status
a status that is gained as a result of one’s effors or choices; ex. Being a doctor
master status
the status by which a person is most identified; typically the most important status that affects all aspects of their life
status roles
a set of bliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for those who hold the status
role performance
the carrying out of behaviours associated with a given role; may change depending on the social situtation or context of the interaction (ex. Is a doctor talking to a patient or another doctor)
role partner
the person with whom one is interacting; a doctors role parter may be a patient, nurse, other doctors, etc.
role set
the various roles associated with a status
role conflict
difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of mutiple roles
role strain
difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
role exit
the dropping of one identity for another
group / social group
consists of two or more peo[le who share similar characteristics and a sense of unity; share values, interests, familiy ties, etc. ;a random crowd at the sidewalk are not a social group
dyad
a social group consisting of 2 people
triad
a social group consisting of 3 people
peer group
a group defined by association of self-selected equals around similar interests, ages, and statuses
family group
a group that is determined by birth, adoption, and marriage
in-groups
groups to which and individual belongs
out-groups
groups to which and individual competes or is in opposition with
reference groups
groups that establish the terms by which individuals evaluate themselves; ex. Determining how good of a student you are by comparing yourself to other students
primary group
interactions are direct, with close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relations; last for longer periods of time; ex. a close group of friends, memebers of a team
secondary group
interactions are superficial with few emotional bonds; last for a short period of time; ex. Students working on a group project
Gemeinshaft and Gesellschaft
Gemeinshaft (community): groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography; Gesellschaft (society): groups formed because of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal; ex companies and countries
interaction process analysis
a technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups
SYMLOG
revised verson of interaction process analysis; based on the belief that there are 3 fundamental dimensions of interaction: dominances vs submission, friendliness vs unfriendliness, intrumentalled controlleds vs emotionally expressive
group conformity
individuals are compliant with the group’s goals, even when the group’s goals may be in direct contrast to the individuals goals; attempt to be accepted by the group
groupthink
occurs when members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group, while ignoring outside ideas; leads to groups not exploring all sides of an issue
network
describes the observable patterns of social relationships among individuals or groups
network redundancy
when there are overapping connections with the same individual in a network map
immediate networks
dense with strong ties; ex. Friends
distant networks
looser and contain weaker ties; ex. Acquaintances
organizations
bodies of people with a structure and culture designed to achieve specific goals; they exist outside of each individuals membership within the organization
ex. Schools, companies, music groups, sports teams, etc.
organizations vs groups (5)
organizations → could have a history before or after an individual member; have expressed goals (often written); have enforcement procedures that control activities of their members; have a hierarchical allotment of formal roels or duties to members; can be very large
bureaucracy
a rational system of political organization, administration, discipline, and control; often slow to change and less efficient than other organizations
iron law of oligarchy
democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
McDonaldization
refers to a shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societies; McDonalds restaurant was the original model for this shift
self-presentation / impression management
the process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviours; people use specific strategies to shape what others will think of them
the basic model of emotional expression
first established by charles Darwin; said that emotional expression involves facial expression, behaviours, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes; emotional expression is consistent with the theory of evolution and are similar across cultures
appraisal model of emotional expression
there are biologicallly predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced, but there is a cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
social construction model
assumes there is no biological basis for emotions; emotions are based on experiences and situational context alone
display rules
cultural expectations of emotions; govern which emotions can be expressed and to what degree; varies between cultures, genders, etc.
cultural syndrome
a shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, value, and behaviours among members of the same culture that are organized around a central theme
impression management
our attempts to influence how others perceie us; involves the authentic self, ideal self, and tactical self
authentic self
who a person ACTUALLY is, including both positive and engative attributes
ideal self
who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
tactical self
who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others’ expectations of use
list 5 impression management strategies
self-disclosure, managing appearances, ingratiation, aligning actions, alter-casting
self-disclosure
an impression management strategy; giving information about oneself to establish an identity
managing appearances
an impression management strategy; using props, appearance, emotional expression, or associations with others to create a postive image
ingratiation
an impression management strategy; using flattering or conforming to expecttions to win someone over
aligning actions
an impression management strategy; making questionable behaviour acceptable through excuses
alter-casting
an impression management strategy; imposing an identity into another person
the dramaturgical approach to impression management
uses theatrical performance as a metaphor to describe how individuals create images of themselves in various situations; involves the front state self and back stage self
front stage self
when the actor is in front of the audience and performing according to the setting, role, and script to conform to the image they want others to see
back stage self
when the actor is not being observes by an audience; actor is free to act in ways that may be inconsistent with the front stage self
Mead theory of self
constrasts “I” and “me”; “me” is the part of self that is a response to the environment; “I” is the creative expression of the individual
animal communicatoin
any behavior of one animal that affects the behaviour of another
