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Behavioural Sciences > Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

biomedical approach

A

assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and that the solution/intervention should be biomedical in nature

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2
Q

bipsychosocial approach

A

assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals disorder

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3
Q

DSM-5

A

a compilation of many known psychological disorders and their symtpoms; used to diagnose, NOT used to describe cause or treatments

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4
Q

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

behaviours, thoughts, or feelings ADDED to normal behaviour

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thouught, disorganized behaviour

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5
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs that don’t align with reality but are maintained despite strong evidence to the contrary

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6
Q

delusions of reference

A

the belief that common elements in the environment are directed specifically toward oneself

ex. Characters in a TV show are talking directly to the person

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7
Q

delusions of persecution

A

the belief that someone is discriminating or plotting against you

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8
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way

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9
Q

thought broadcasting

A

the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

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10
Q

thought insertion

A

the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

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11
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality; may be auditory (most common), visual, olfactory, or gustatory

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12
Q

disorganized thought

A

characterized by loosening of associations; ideas shift from one subject to another in a difficult to follow manner

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13
Q

neologisms

A

new words invented by a person with schizophrenia

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14
Q

disorganized behaviour

A

the inability to carry our activities of daily living (paying bills, showering, etc.)

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15
Q

catatonia

A

motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia

ex. rigid posture or spontaneous movement

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16
Q

echolalia

A

when a person with schizophrenia repeats someone else words

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17
Q

echopraxia

A

when a person with schizophrenia imitates someone elses actions

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18
Q

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

the absence of normal or desired behaviour; include disturbance of affect and avolition

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19
Q

affect

A

the experience and display of emotion

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20
Q

blunting / blunt affect

A

a dulled or constricted response to emotional stimuli

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21
Q

flat affect (emotional flattening)

A

virtually no signs of emotional expression; no response to emotional stimuli

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22
Q

inappropriate affect

A

the affect is clearly disconcordant with the content of the individuals speech

ex. laughing while talking about a parents death

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23
Q

avolition

A

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions

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24
Q

prodromal phase

A

a phase that a patient often goes through before being diagnosed with schizophrenia; poor judgment, social withdrawal, peculiar behaviour, etc.

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25
Q

downward drift hypothesis

A

schizophrenia causes a decline is socioeconomic status, leading to worsening of symptoms, setting up a negative spiral

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26
Q

symptoms of major depressive disorder

A

depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, psychomotor symptoms, and suicidal thoughts

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27
Q

anhedonia

A

a symptom of depression; loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities

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28
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

individuals who suffer from dysthymia

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29
Q

dysthymia

A

a depressed mood that lasts most of the time for 2 years but isnt sever enough to meet the criteria of major depressive disorder

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30
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

major depressive disorder with a seasonal onset (winter months); often treated with bright light therapy

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31
Q

bipolar disorders

A

a mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania

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32
Q

manic episodes

A

abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least 1 week with at least 3 of the following: increased distractibility, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, racing thoughts, increased goal-directed activity or agitation, etc.

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33
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

involves manic episdoes with or without major depressive episodes

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34
Q

bipolar II disorder

A

involves hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

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35
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes

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36
Q

monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression

A

the theory that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

37
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months; often includes physical symptoms as well (fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems, etc.)

38
Q

phobia

A

an irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

39
Q

specific phobia

A

a phobia in which anxiety is produce by a specific object or situation (ex. Fear of spiders or heights)

40
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

anxiety due to social situations

41
Q

agoraphobia

A

an anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being in places or situatiosn where it is hard for th individual to escape

42
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder characterizzed by repeated panic attacks

43
Q

panic attack

A

individuals are suddenly struck with a sense of impending doom; fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality

44
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

characterized by obsessions which produce tension, and compulsions that relieve this tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life

45
Q

obsessions (OCD)

A

persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses

46
Q

compulsions (OCD)

A

repetitive tasks to relieve tension from obsessions

47
Q

body dysmoorphic disorder

A

a person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness

48
Q

PTSD

A

occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event; consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative cognitive symptoms

49
Q

intrusion symptoms

A

symptom of PTSD; recurrent reliving of the traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares, prolonged distress)

50
Q

avoidance symptoms

A

symptom of PTSD; deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma

51
Q

negative cognitive symptoms

A

symptom of PTSD; the inability to recall key features of the event; negative mood or emotions; feeling distanced from others; persistant negative view of the world

52
Q

arousal symptoms

A

symptom of PTSD; increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behaviour, and slee disturbance

53
Q

acute stress disorder

A

when symptoms of PTSD last for more than 3 days but less than a month

54
Q

dissociative disorders

A

the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity

55
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

an inabilty to recall past experiences (not due to a neurological disorder); often linked to trauma

56
Q

dissociative fugue

A

a symptom of dissociation amnesia; a sudden unexpected more or purposeless wandering from one’s home or location of usual daily activities

57
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

a person has multiple personalities that recurrently control their behaviour

58
Q

depersonallization/derealization disorder

A

individuals feel detached from their own bind and body (depersonalization), or from their surroundings (derealization)

59
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

the individual has disproportional concerns about the seriousnessof 1 or more somatic symptoms they have

60
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

the individual is consumed with thoughts abuot having or develping a serious medical condition; (symptoms are not present?)

61
Q

conversion disorder

A

unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions following a traumatic event; ex. Becoming blind or paralyzed without evidence of neurological damage; ex. A woman goes blind after watching her son die tragically

62
Q

personality disorder

A

a pattern of behaviour that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse contrl

63
Q

ego-syntonic

A

the person perceies their behaviour as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals

64
Q

ego-dystonic

A

the person sees their illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome

65
Q

personality disorders: CLUSTER A

A

marked by odd behaviour; ex. paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders

66
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding others motives

67
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking; may have ideas of reference and magical thinking (ex. Superstition)

68
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression; show little desire for social interactions, have few friends and poor social skills

69
Q

personality disorders: CLUSTER B

A

marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour; ex. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

70
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

disregard for others and violation of the rights of others; repeated illegal acts, deceipt, aggresiveness, or lack of remorse for those actions

71
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

pervasive intability in interpersonal behaviour, mood, and self image; intense or unstable relationships, identity disturbances, fear of abandonment

72
Q

splitting

A

a symptom of borderline personality disorder; they view others as either all good or all bad (a defence mechanism)

73
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

constant attention seeking behaviour

74
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

the individual has a grandious sense of self-importance or uniqueness, need constant admiration and attention; often have a fragile self esteem

75
Q

personality disorders: CLUSTER C

A

marked by anxious or fearful behaviour; includes avoidant PD, dependent PD, and obsessive-compulsive PD

76
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

extreme shyness of fear of rejection

77
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

a continuous need for reassurance; often remain dependent on one specific person

78
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

perfectionistic and inflecible; likes rules and order; lack of desire to change; careful routines; stubborn

79
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

the theory that biological predispositions for an illness and environmental factors interact to result in disease

80
Q

victim mentality

A
81
Q

learned helplessness

A
82
Q

neuroticism

A
83
Q

internal vs external locus of control

A
84
Q

MAO inhibitors

A
85
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A
86
Q

electroconvulsive therapy

A
87
Q

overt symptoms

A
88
Q

covert symptoms

A

are hidden and cannot be directly observed (ex. Feelings of worthlessness)

Behavioural Sciences (28 decks)

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