Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
biomedical approach
assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and that the solution/intervention should be biomedical in nature
bipsychosocial approach
assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals disorder
DSM-5
a compilation of many known psychological disorders and their symtpoms; used to diagnose, NOT used to describe cause or treatments
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
behaviours, thoughts, or feelings ADDED to normal behaviour
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thouught, disorganized behaviour
delusions
false beliefs that don’t align with reality but are maintained despite strong evidence to the contrary
delusions of reference
the belief that common elements in the environment are directed specifically toward oneself
ex. Characters in a TV show are talking directly to the person
delusions of persecution
the belief that someone is discriminating or plotting against you
delusions of grandeur
the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way
thought broadcasting
the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
thought insertion
the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
hallucinations
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality; may be auditory (most common), visual, olfactory, or gustatory
disorganized thought
characterized by loosening of associations; ideas shift from one subject to another in a difficult to follow manner
neologisms
new words invented by a person with schizophrenia
disorganized behaviour
the inability to carry our activities of daily living (paying bills, showering, etc.)
catatonia
motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia
ex. rigid posture or spontaneous movement
echolalia
when a person with schizophrenia repeats someone else words
echopraxia
when a person with schizophrenia imitates someone elses actions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of normal or desired behaviour; include disturbance of affect and avolition
affect
the experience and display of emotion
blunting / blunt affect
a dulled or constricted response to emotional stimuli
flat affect (emotional flattening)
virtually no signs of emotional expression; no response to emotional stimuli
inappropriate affect
the affect is clearly disconcordant with the content of the individuals speech
ex. laughing while talking about a parents death
avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
prodromal phase
a phase that a patient often goes through before being diagnosed with schizophrenia; poor judgment, social withdrawal, peculiar behaviour, etc.
downward drift hypothesis
schizophrenia causes a decline is socioeconomic status, leading to worsening of symptoms, setting up a negative spiral
symptoms of major depressive disorder
depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, psychomotor symptoms, and suicidal thoughts
anhedonia
a symptom of depression; loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities
persistent depressive disorder
individuals who suffer from dysthymia
dysthymia
a depressed mood that lasts most of the time for 2 years but isnt sever enough to meet the criteria of major depressive disorder
seasonal affective disorder
major depressive disorder with a seasonal onset (winter months); often treated with bright light therapy
bipolar disorders
a mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania
manic episodes
abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least 1 week with at least 3 of the following: increased distractibility, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, racing thoughts, increased goal-directed activity or agitation, etc.
bipolar I disorder
involves manic episdoes with or without major depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
involves hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
cyclothymic disorder
a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes