Chapter 7: Psychological Disorders Flashcards
biomedical approach
assumes that any disorder has roots in biomedical disturbances, and that the solution/intervention should be biomedical in nature
bipsychosocial approach
assumes that there are biological, psychological, and social components to an individuals disorder
DSM-5
a compilation of many known psychological disorders and their symtpoms; used to diagnose, NOT used to describe cause or treatments
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
behaviours, thoughts, or feelings ADDED to normal behaviour
delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thouught, disorganized behaviour
delusions
false beliefs that don’t align with reality but are maintained despite strong evidence to the contrary
delusions of reference
the belief that common elements in the environment are directed specifically toward oneself
ex. Characters in a TV show are talking directly to the person
delusions of persecution
the belief that someone is discriminating or plotting against you
delusions of grandeur
the belief that the person is remarkable in some significant way
thought broadcasting
the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
thought insertion
the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
hallucinations
perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality; may be auditory (most common), visual, olfactory, or gustatory
disorganized thought
characterized by loosening of associations; ideas shift from one subject to another in a difficult to follow manner
neologisms
new words invented by a person with schizophrenia
disorganized behaviour
the inability to carry our activities of daily living (paying bills, showering, etc.)
catatonia
motor behaviours characteristic of some people with schizophrenia
ex. rigid posture or spontaneous movement
echolalia
when a person with schizophrenia repeats someone else words
echopraxia
when a person with schizophrenia imitates someone elses actions
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
the absence of normal or desired behaviour; include disturbance of affect and avolition
affect
the experience and display of emotion
blunting / blunt affect
a dulled or constricted response to emotional stimuli
flat affect (emotional flattening)
virtually no signs of emotional expression; no response to emotional stimuli
inappropriate affect
the affect is clearly disconcordant with the content of the individuals speech
ex. laughing while talking about a parents death
avolition
decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions
prodromal phase
a phase that a patient often goes through before being diagnosed with schizophrenia; poor judgment, social withdrawal, peculiar behaviour, etc.
downward drift hypothesis
schizophrenia causes a decline is socioeconomic status, leading to worsening of symptoms, setting up a negative spiral
symptoms of major depressive disorder
depressed mood, anhedonia, appetite disturbances, substantial weight changes, sleep disturbances, decreased energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty concentrating or thinking, psychomotor symptoms, and suicidal thoughts
anhedonia
a symptom of depression; loss of interest in all or almost all formerly enjoyable activities
persistent depressive disorder
individuals who suffer from dysthymia
dysthymia
a depressed mood that lasts most of the time for 2 years but isnt sever enough to meet the criteria of major depressive disorder
seasonal affective disorder
major depressive disorder with a seasonal onset (winter months); often treated with bright light therapy
bipolar disorders
a mood disorder characterized by both depression and mania
manic episodes
abnormal and persistently elevated mood lasting at least 1 week with at least 3 of the following: increased distractibility, decreased need for sleep, inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, racing thoughts, increased goal-directed activity or agitation, etc.
bipolar I disorder
involves manic episdoes with or without major depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
involves hypomania with at least one major depressive episode
cyclothymic disorder
a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia that are not severe enough to qualify as major depressive episodes
monoamine/catecholamine theory of depression
the theory that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression
generalized anxiety disorder
a disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least 6 months; often includes physical symptoms as well (fatigue, muscle tension, sleep problems, etc.)
phobia
an irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it
specific phobia
a phobia in which anxiety is produce by a specific object or situation (ex. Fear of spiders or heights)
social anxiety disorder
anxiety due to social situations
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder characterized by fear of being in places or situatiosn where it is hard for th individual to escape
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder characterizzed by repeated panic attacks
panic attack
individuals are suddenly struck with a sense of impending doom; fear and apprehension, trembling, sweating, hyperventilation, and a sense of unreality
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
characterized by obsessions which produce tension, and compulsions that relieve this tension but cause significant impairment in a person’s life
obsessions (OCD)
persistent, intrusive thoughts and impulses
compulsions (OCD)
repetitive tasks to relieve tension from obsessions
body dysmoorphic disorder
a person has an unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her personal appearance and attractiveness
PTSD
occurs after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event; consists of intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative cognitive symptoms
intrusion symptoms
symptom of PTSD; recurrent reliving of the traumatic event (flashbacks, nightmares, prolonged distress)
avoidance symptoms
symptom of PTSD; deliberate attempts to avoid the memories, people, places, activities, and objects associated with the trauma
negative cognitive symptoms
symptom of PTSD; the inability to recall key features of the event; negative mood or emotions; feeling distanced from others; persistant negative view of the world
arousal symptoms
symptom of PTSD; increased startle response, irritability, anxiety, self-destructive or reckless behaviour, and slee disturbance
acute stress disorder
when symptoms of PTSD last for more than 3 days but less than a month
dissociative disorders
the person avoids stress by escaping from their identity
dissociative amnesia
an inabilty to recall past experiences (not due to a neurological disorder); often linked to trauma
dissociative fugue
a symptom of dissociation amnesia; a sudden unexpected more or purposeless wandering from one’s home or location of usual daily activities
dissociative identity disorder
a person has multiple personalities that recurrently control their behaviour
depersonallization/derealization disorder
individuals feel detached from their own bind and body (depersonalization), or from their surroundings (derealization)
somatic symptom disorder
the individual has disproportional concerns about the seriousnessof 1 or more somatic symptoms they have
illness anxiety disorder
the individual is consumed with thoughts abuot having or develping a serious medical condition; (symptoms are not present?)
conversion disorder
unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions following a traumatic event; ex. Becoming blind or paralyzed without evidence of neurological damage; ex. A woman goes blind after watching her son die tragically
personality disorder
a pattern of behaviour that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least 2 of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse contrl
ego-syntonic
the person perceies their behaviour as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals
ego-dystonic
the person sees their illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome
personality disorders: CLUSTER A
marked by odd behaviour; ex. paranoid, schizotypal, and schizoid personality disorders
paranoid personality disorder
pervasive distrust of others and suspicion regarding others motives
schizotypal personality disorder
a pattern of odd or eccentric thinking; may have ideas of reference and magical thinking (ex. Superstition)
schizoid personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression; show little desire for social interactions, have few friends and poor social skills
personality disorders: CLUSTER B
marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviour; ex. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
antisocial personality disorder
disregard for others and violation of the rights of others; repeated illegal acts, deceipt, aggresiveness, or lack of remorse for those actions
borderline personality disorder
pervasive intability in interpersonal behaviour, mood, and self image; intense or unstable relationships, identity disturbances, fear of abandonment
splitting
a symptom of borderline personality disorder; they view others as either all good or all bad (a defence mechanism)
histrionic personality disorder
constant attention seeking behaviour
narcissistic personality disorder
the individual has a grandious sense of self-importance or uniqueness, need constant admiration and attention; often have a fragile self esteem
personality disorders: CLUSTER C
marked by anxious or fearful behaviour; includes avoidant PD, dependent PD, and obsessive-compulsive PD
avoidant personality disorder
extreme shyness of fear of rejection
dependent personality disorder
a continuous need for reassurance; often remain dependent on one specific person
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
perfectionistic and inflecible; likes rules and order; lack of desire to change; careful routines; stubborn
diathesis-stress model
the theory that biological predispositions for an illness and environmental factors interact to result in disease
victim mentality
learned helplessness
neuroticism
internal vs external locus of control
MAO inhibitors
tricyclic antidepressants
electroconvulsive therapy
overt symptoms
covert symptoms
are hidden and cannot be directly observed (ex. Feelings of worthlessness)
