11.1 Sociology: Theories and Institutions Flashcards

1
Q

sociology

A

the study of society

how we create society, interact within it, define what is normal and abnormal in society, and how we institutionalize these ideas

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2
Q

macrosociology

A

focuses on large groups and social structure

looking at big phenomena that affect a large portion of the population

(deals with poverty, warfare, healthcare, etc.)

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3
Q

microsociology

A

focuses on small groups and the individual

ex. face to face interactions, families, schools, other social interactions
ex. doctor-patient interaction

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4
Q

social structure

A

a system of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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5
Q

functionalism (functional analysis)

A

the study of the structure and function of each part of society

when all parts of society fulfil their functions, society is in a normal state

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6
Q

functions

A

the beneficial consequence of peoples actions; help keep society in balance

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7
Q

dysfunctions

A

harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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8
Q

manifest function

A

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

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9
Q

latent functions

A

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest function

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10
Q

power (sociological context)

A

a form of influence over other people

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11
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

the idea society is made of institutions that benefit the powerful and create inequalities; large groups are at odds until conflict is resolved

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12
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

the study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

central idea is that symbols are key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with one another

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13
Q

symbols

A

things to which we attach meanings; are not always consistent across cultures

include: how we codify concepts in language, hand gestures, body language, etc.

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14
Q

social constructionism

A

argues that people actively shape their reality through social interactions

it’s something constructed, not inherent

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15
Q

a social construct

A

a concept/practice that everyone in society had agreed to treat a certain way regardless of its inherent value (ex. money)

arise from humans communicating and working together to agree on the significance of a concept or principle

ex. paper money does not have inherent money, but we have agreed to give it value to be used for trade

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16
Q

rational choice theory

A

in this theory, and individual makes decisions by carefully considering all of the possible punishments and rewards of each social action and chooses the option that has the higher benefit-to-harm ratio for themselves

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17
Q

exchange theory

A

an extension of rational choice theory

focuses specifically on interactions in groups

an individual will carry out certain behaviours because of anticipated rewards and will avoid certain behaviours because of anticipated punishments

18
Q

feminist theory

A

attempts to explain social inequalities that exist on the basis of gender

focuses on the subordination (lowering in rank) of women

19
Q

gender roles

A

the behaviours expected of a given gender

20
Q

objectification

A

when one is viewed as a sexual object rather than a person

21
Q

glass ceiling

A

when a qualified person wishing to advance within the hierarchy of his/her organization is stopped at a lower level due to a discrimination (most often based on sexism or racism)

22
Q

social institutions

A

well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behaviour or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture

they regulate the behaviour of individuals in core areas of society

23
Q

6 major social institutions

A

family

education

religion

government

economy

healthcare/medicine

24
Q

mandated reporter

A

someone (ex. a doctor) who is legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse

domestic abuse does not fall under mandated reporting laws

25
Q

hidden curriculum

A

what children learn in schools beyond information and cognitive skills

includes social norms, attitudes, beliefs, etc.

26
Q

teachers expectancy

A

the idea that reachers tend to get what they expect from students (performance depends not only on the student intrinsic abilities, but on the expectations of their teacher)

27
Q

religiosity

A

how religious one considers themselves to be

28
Q

denominations or sects

A

how large religions may be divided into smaller groups that share certain beliefs but differ in others

sects: a religiouss group that has broken off from its parent religion; may transform into a cult (extreme condition)

29
Q

democracy

A

allows every citizen a political voice, usually through electing representatives to office (representative democracy)

30
Q

monarchies

A

include a royal ruler (king or queen), although the rulers powers may be significantly limited by the presence of a constitution and parliamentary system

31
Q

dictatorship

A

a system where a single person holds power

32
Q

theocracy

A

a system where power is held by religious leaders

33
Q

capitalist vs socialist economies

A

socialism → the means of production are publicly owned

capitalist → the means of production are privately owned; involve division of labour

???

34
Q

life course approach to health

A

maintaining and considering a comprehensive view of the patient’s history beyond the immediate presenting symptoms

35
Q

sick role

A

when the patient was not responsible for the illness and became exempt from normal social roles

this role has shifted to assign more ownership of health onto the individual (through diet, exercise, etc.)

36
Q

4 key tenets of medical ethics

A

beneficience

nonmaleficence

respect for patient autonomy

justice

37
Q

medical ethics: beneficience

A

the physician has a responsibility to act in the patients best interest

38
Q

medical ethics: nonmaleficence

A

do no harm

the physician has a responsibility to abide treatments or interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit

39
Q

medical ethics: respect for patient autonomy

A

the physician has a responsibility to respect the patient’s decisions and choices about their own healthcare

40
Q

medical ethics: justice

A

the physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly