Blueprint FL 3: P/S Flashcards
6 universal emotions
expressed the same by all humans, regardless of culture, language, etc.
three types of organizations
coercive
normative
utilitarian
mimetic organization
an organization that attempts to copy another organization
coercive organization
organizations in which members are forced to join
ex. Prison
A normative organization
people join due to some shared ethical or ideal goal
A utilitarian organization
organizations in which members are compensated for their involvement
ex. Employees of a particular company share membership in a utilitarian organization
groupthink
when the desire for harmony or conformity in a group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome
nobody suggests new options, etc.
group polarization
when group decision-making amplifies the original opinion of group members
results in a consensus view that is more extreme than the individual views of any one group member before the group discussion began
egocentric bias
people’s tendency to fixate on their own perspective when examining events or beliefs
Attributional bias
when people make attribute peoples behaviours to incorrect sources
ex. explain a person’s behaviour by referring to their character rather than any situational factor
framing bias
“framing effect”
the way in which data is presented or “framed” can influence decision making
Automation bias
the tendency to excessively depend on automated systems
can lead to erroneous automated information overriding correct decisions
intragenerational mobility
when change in social class happens in a person’s own lifetime
intra = within (within ONE generation)
intergenerational mobility
change in social class between generations
inter = between (changes from one generation to the next)
social reproduction
the passing on of social inequality across generations
poverty tends to beget poverty, and wealth tends to beget wealth across generations
meritocracy
a society where peoples success is based on MERIT not relationships, status, etc.
everyone has equal opportunity and their success is based on hardwork, skills, etc.
mylenation of axons…
protects neurons
increase the speed of impulse propagation
provides electrical** insulation**
does NOT affect strength because AP’s are all-or-nothing
afferent neurons
A = ascend
go TOWARDS the brain/spinal cord
includes sensory neurons
efferent neurons
E = exit
leave the brain/spinal cord and goes towards muscles
Motor neurons
foot-in-the-door persuasion technique
getting a person to agree to a small request, followed by making a much larger request
door-in-the-face persuasion technique
the initial request is unreasonably large and is therefore rejected
The initial large request is then followed by a smaller, more reasonable-sounding request that is much more likely to be accepted
construct validity
whether or not measures actually assess the variables that they are intended to assess
reliability
in research
refers to the likelihood that results could be replicated
validity
in research
refers to whether the test measures what it is intended to measure
objective assessment
measures specific characteristics based on a set of discrete options
ex. such as in the Meyers-Briggs personality assessment
subjective assessments
patients project their own subjective feelings, perceptions, and thoughts onto the assessment stimuli, yielding results that are open for inaccuracy
explains why physicians may reach a different conclusion despite seeing the same patient who says the same thing
projective test/assessment
a personality test in which subjects are shown ambiguous images or given situations and asked to interpret them
subjects project their own emotions, attitudes, and impulses onto the stimulus given
Weber’s Law
the just-noticeable difference is directly proportional to the percent change in the original stimulus
there is a linear relationship between the intensity of a stimulus and its detection
just-noticeable difference
the change required to perceive a difference from an initial stimulus
Weber’s law includes a —— relationship
linear vs nonlinear
LINEAR
4 levels of measurement scales
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
nominal scale
simply categorizes variables according to qualitative labels (or names)
cannot rank them quantitatively; don’t have any order or hierarchy to them, nor do they convey any numerical value.
example: hair colour on a nominal scale of blonde, brunette, red, or black
ordinal scale
also categorizes variables into labeled groups (like the nominal scale), but these groups have an order or hierarchy to them
they are still qualitative labels, but you can see that they follow a hierarchical order
ex. income level groups as low income, medium income, or high income.
interval scale
a numerical scale which labels and orders variables, with a known, evenly spaced interval between each of the values.
example: the temperature scale whether the difference between 4-5 degrees is the same as between 8-9 degrees
there is NO TRUE ZERO (zero degrees still represents a temperature, and you can measure bewlo zero as well)
ratio scale
a numerical scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighboring points.
ex. weight or height - you cannot have negative weight
rank the measurement scales from lowest to highest levels
nominal -> ordinal -> interval -> ratio
self-efficacy
an individual’s belief in their capacity to act in the ways necessary to reach specific goals
ways to increase self-efficacy
social modeling
social persuasion
modifying psychological responses
mastery of tasks
R-squared value in statistics
ranges from 0-1 (or 0-100%)
how well the regression line approximates the actual data
regression line
statistics
displays the connection between scattered data points in any set
Broca’s area
speech production
Wernicke’s area
speech comprehension
monozygotic twins
identical twins
came from 1 egg
dizygotic twins
fraternal twins
came from 2 eggs
same genetic relationship as siblings
self-identity / self-concept
how someone view or defines themselves; the overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, etc.
self-awareness
the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals
self-esteem
someone’s sense of personal worth or abilities; confidence
self-efficacy
an individual’s belief in their capacity to reach specific goals
retrograde amnesia
can’t recall memories that were formed before the event that caused the amnesia
anterograde amnesia
a type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories
retrograde interference
when new memories or knowledge interfere with retrieval of old memories
proactive interference
when older memories inhibit the consolidation or retrieval of new memories
confabulation
making up memories to fill in gaps and then believing that those memories are true
sometimes called “honest lying”
Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by…
reduced levels of vitamin B1 (thiamine)
relative refractory period
a new action potential CAN be initiated, but it requires a stronger stimulus to overcome to repolarization and hyperpolarization phases
absolute refractory period
another action potential CANNOT be initiated because sodium channels are inactive
explain the activation/deactivation of ion channels throughout an action potential
at rest: both channels are closed (?)
depolarization: Na+ channels are activated
repolarization: Na+ inactivated; K+ activated
relative refractory period: Na+ activated again, K+ still active
activated is different than OPEN
estrogen function
develops and maintains the female reproductive system and female secondary sex characteristics
inhibit bone resorption (breakdown bone tissue to release minerals)
also works to develop the endometrium of the uterus
testosterone function
develops and maintains male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
payhway of sperm through male reproductive system
“seve(n) up”
seminiferous tubules
epididymus
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
nothing
urethra
penis
two functional components of the testes
seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells of Leydig
where is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
function of sertoli cells
nourish sperm
cells of Leydig function
secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)
implicit attitudes
attitudes below the conscious level
explicit attitudes
conscious attitudes
willing to self-report
overt behaviour
observable behaviour
ex. physical movements and verbal statements
covert behaviour
unobservable behavior
the internal thoughts or motives that result in outward overt actions
