5.1 motivation

Question 1

motivation

Answer 1

the driving force behind our actions

Question 2

extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

doing an activity for some reward or to avoid a punishment

Question 3

intrinsic motivation

Answer 3

doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some consequence

Question 4

4 main theories of motivation

Answer 4

instinct theory

arousal theory

drive reduction theory

need-based theory

Question 5

instinct theory of motivation

Answer 5

people are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 6

instincts

Answer 6

innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli

can last for a lifetime or disappear/appear with age

ex. thumb sucking

Question 7

arousal theory

Answer 7

people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 8

arousal

Answer 8

the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 9

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 9

performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at an intermediate arousal level

Question 10

drive reduction theory

Answer 10

motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states (drives)

Question 11

drives (2)

Answer 11

internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals

drives create an uncomfortable state which ensures motivation to eliminate or relieve the state

Question 12

primary drives

Answer 12

drives related to biological processes and motivate us to maintain homeostasis

ex. food, water, and warmth

Question 13

homeostasis

Answer 13

the regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal stable set of conditions

Question 14

negative feedback loops

Question 15

secondary drives

Answer 15

not directly related to biological processes

ex. the drive to get into med school

Question 16

needs

Question 17

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual’s behaviour

if a lower level need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority

Question 18

the 5 needs (maslow) from highest priority to lowest priority

Answer 18

Question 19

self actualization

Answer 19

the need to realize ones fullest potential

Question 20

self-determination theory

Answer 20

emphasizes the role of the 3 universal needs which must be met to develop health relationships with oneself and others

Question 21

3 universal needs the the self-determination theory

Answer 21

autonomy

competence

relatedness

Question 22

autonomy

Answer 22

the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas

Question 23

competence

Answer 23

the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks

Question 24

relatedness

Answer 24

the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships

Question 25

incentive theory

Answer 25

behaviour is motivated by the desired to pursue rewards and avoid punishments

Question 26

expectancy-value theory

Answer 26

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal

Question 27

4 primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 27

instincts, arousal, drives, needs

Question 28

opponent-process theory

Answer 28

when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of a drug by changing its physiology

Question 29

tolerance

Answer 29

reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use

Question 30

sexual motivation

Answer 30

physiologically, humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on the secretion of estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, as well as by certain odors and the desire for pleasure

cognition also plays role in sexual desire