5.1 motivation Flashcards
motivation
the driving force behind our actions
extrinsic motivation
doing an activity for some reward or to avoid a punishment
intrinsic motivation
doing an activity for its inherent satisfaction rather than for some consequence
4 main theories of motivation
instinct theory
arousal theory
drive reduction theory
need-based theory
instinct theory of motivation
people are driven to do certain behaviours based on evolutionarily programmed instincts
instincts
innate, fixed patterns of behaviour in response to stimuli
can last for a lifetime or disappear/appear with age
ex. thumb sucking
arousal theory
people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal
arousal
the psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli
Yerkes-Dodson law
performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at an intermediate arousal level
drive reduction theory
motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states (drives)
drives (2)
internal states of tension that activate particular behaviours focused on goals
drives create an uncomfortable state which ensures motivation to eliminate or relieve the state
primary drives
drives related to biological processes and motivate us to maintain homeostasis
ex. food, water, and warmth
homeostasis
the regulation of the internal environment to maintain an optimal stable set of conditions
negative feedback loops
secondary drives
not directly related to biological processes
ex. the drive to get into med school
needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual’s behaviour
if a lower level need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority
the 5 needs (maslow) from highest priority to lowest priority
self actualization
the need to realize ones fullest potential
self-determination theory
emphasizes the role of the 3 universal needs which must be met to develop health relationships with oneself and others
3 universal needs the the self-determination theory
autonomy
competence
relatedness
autonomy
the need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
competence
the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
relatedness
the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
incentive theory
behaviour is motivated by the desired to pursue rewards and avoid punishments
expectancy-value theory
the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individuals expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which he or she values succeeding at the goal
4 primary factors that influence motivation
instincts, arousal, drives, needs
opponent-process theory
when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of a drug by changing its physiology
tolerance
reduced reaction to a drug following its repeated use
sexual motivation
physiologically, humans are motivated to sexual behaviour based on the secretion of estrogens, progesterone, and androgens, as well as by certain odors and the desire for pleasure
cognition also plays role in sexual desire
