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Ecology > Chapter 9: reproductive strategies > Flashcards

Chapter 9: reproductive strategies Flashcards

1
Q

sexual reproduction

A

reproduction mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from 2 parents
- gametes (haploid germ cells) produce through meiosis
- 2 gametes combine = mixing of chromosomes –> fertilization –> diploid zygote

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

reproductive mechanism in which progeny inherit DNA from 1 parent through vegetative reproduction or parthenogenesis

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3
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

when an individual is produced from the nonsexual tissues of the parent
- Ex: plants growing new shoots

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4
Q

Clones

A

individual produced through asexual reproduction has same genotype as parent

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

reproduction though duplication of genes followed by division of cell into 2 identical cells; splitting in half
- ex: starfish

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6
Q

Haploid Parthenogenesis (“virgin birth”)

A

form of asexual reproduction in which an embryo is produced w/o fertilization
- Diploid egg, doesn’t need sperm
- Produce clones or w/ variation
- can ONLY produce females

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7
Q

Cost of sexual reproduction

A

energy and resources/cost for sexual organs
- Reduces fitness, increases risk of predation and parasitism

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8
Q

Cost of meiosis

A

~50% reduction in # of parent’s genes passed onto next generation via sexual reproduction versus asexual reproduction

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9
Q

cost of meiosis can be counterbalanced by ___ in hermaphrodites

A

can contributed twice as many copies of genes to offspring

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10
Q

cost of meiosis can be counterbalanced by ___

A

a male helping a female take care of offspring

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11
Q

Purging mutations

A

in sexual reproduction, deleterious mutations may not be transmitted to gametes
- Gametes produced do not form zygote w/ mutation

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12
Q

Red queen hypothesis

A

hypothesis that sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at rate that can counter the rapid evolution of parasites

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13
Q

benefits of sexual reproduction

A

purging mutations, genetic variation, environmental variation, evolving to be able to withstand new parasites and pathogens

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14
Q

Perfect flowers

A

flowers w/ male and female parts

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15
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

individuals w/ male and female reprodictve funtions at the same time (self-fertilization)

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16
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

individuals w/ either male or female reproductive function and then switch to other (out-crossing)

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17
Q

Monoecious

A

plants w/ separate male and female flowers on same individual

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18
Q

Dioecious

A

plants w/ either only male flowers or only female flowers on 1 individual

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19
Q

Genetic sex determination

A

sex-specific chromosomes determine sex

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20
Q

Genetic sex determination in mammals

A

XX = female
XY = male

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21
Q

Genetic sex determination in birds

A

ZW = female
ZZ = male
- allows for male and females to be produced through parthenogenesis

22
Q

Environmental sex determination

A

process in which sex is determined by environment

23
Q

Temperature-dependent sex determination

A

sex determined by temperature at which eggs develop
- sex determination = phenotypic plasticity

24
Q

temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles

A
  • lower temps = males
  • higher temps = females
25
Q

___ determine ratio of male/females produced

A
  • females determine who receives X or Y
  • selective abortion
26
Q

Local mate competition

A

competition for mates occurs in very limited area; only a few males are required to fertilize all the females

27
Q

Mating system

A

of mates each individual has and the permanence of the relationship w/ those mate

28
Q

4 mating systems

A

promiscuity, polyandry, polygyny, monogamy

29
Q

Promiscuity

A

mating system in which males mates w/ multiple females and females mate w/ multiple males; do not create lasting social bond

30
Q

Polygamy

A

mating system in which 1 individual of 1 sex forms long-term social bonds w/ 2+ individuals of opposite sex

31
Q

Polygyny

A

mating system in which male mates w/ more 2+ females

32
Q

Polyandry

A

mating system in which female mates w/ 2+ males

33
Q

Monogamy

A

mating system w/ social bond b/w 1 male and 1 female persists through bearing offspring

34
Q

Extra-pair copulations

A

individual that has social bond w/ mate but also breeds w/ others

35
Q

Mate guarding

A

behavior in which 1 partner prevents other partner from participating in extra-pair copulations

36
Q

Sexual selection

A

natural selection for sex-specific traits related to reproduction

37
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

difference in phenotype b/w males and females of same species

38
Q

Primary sexual characteristics

A

traits related to fertilization

39
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

traits related to differences b/w the sexes in terms of body size, ornaments, color, and courtship

40
Q

2 types of female preference

A

material benefits and nonmaterial benefits

41
Q

Material benefits

A

physical items males can provide females
- Ex: site for raising offspring, high-quality territory, and abundant food

42
Q

Nonmaterial benefits

A

female preference for specific appearance on males based on the good genes and good healthy hypotheses

43
Q

Good healthy hypothesis

A

individual chooses healthiest mates

44
Q

Good genes hypothesis

A

individual chooses a mate that possesses superior genotype

45
Q

Runaway sexual selection

A

selection for preference of sexual trait and selection for that trait continue to reinforce each other

46
Q

Handicap principle

A

greater the handicap an individual carries, greater its ability to offset that handicap

47
Q

Budding

A

little buds that pop off the mom plant when ig enough

48
Q

Vegetative

A

reproduce through bulbs or tubers

49
Q

Fragmentation

A

parents breaks into pieces and pieces develop as offspring (Starfish)

50
Q

benefits to sexual reproduction

A
  • gene variation (more combinations of genes = more variation = less susceptible to disease = more likely to survive
51
Q

protogyny

A

changing sex female –> male

Ecology (33 decks)

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