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Ecology > Ch. 14: predation and herbivory > Flashcards

Ch. 14: predation and herbivory Flashcards

1
Q

introduced species (exotic species/non-native species)

A

species introduced to a region of world where it has not historically existed

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2
Q

invasive species

A

introduced species spreads rapidly and has (-) effects on other species, human recreation or human economies

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3
Q

mesopredators

A

relatively small carnivores consume herbivores

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4
Q

top predators

A

predators that consume herbivores and mesopredators

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5
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A

model of predator/prey interactions
- incorporates oscillations
- shows predator numbers lagging behind those of preys

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6
Q

Growth Rate of prey populations =

A

dN/dt = rN - cNP

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7
Q

Growth Rate of predator populations =

A

dP/dt = acNP - mP

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8
Q

stable population = rate of change =

A

= 0

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9
Q

equilibrium isocline (zero growth isocline)

A

population size of 1 species causes population of another species to be stable

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10
Q

joint equilibrium point

A

point at which equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey population cross

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11
Q

joint population trajectory

A

simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations

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12
Q

functional response

A

relationship b/w density of prey and individual predator’s rate of food consumption

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13
Q

search image

A

mental image that helps predator locate and capture food

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14
Q

numerical response

A

change in # of predators through population growth or movement due to immigration or emigration

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15
Q

crypsis

A

camouflage that either allows individual to match environment or break up outline of an individual to blend in better w/ background environment

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16
Q

warning coloration (aposematism)

A

strategy in which distastefulness evolves in association w/ very conspicuous colors and patterns

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17
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species
- (unharmful) prey gains protection by resembling unpalatable/defended species

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18
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A
  • 2+ species w/ similar effective defenses
  • mutual/co-evolution of warning signs (red/yellow = danger)
  • several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration
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19
Q

community ecology

A

biological community w/ interacting species w/in defined area
- community lies b/w spatial scale

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20
Q

species interactions and (+)/(-)

A

competition (-/-), consumption (+/-), parasitism (+/-), mutualism (+/+), commensalism (+/N)

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21
Q

grazers and browsers

A

predator/prey relationship: herbivores
- grazers = eat grass (aquatic = algae)
- browsers = eat branches, twigs, shrubs, etc.

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22
Q

parasitoid

A

lays eggs and babies kill the host
- can limit abundance of prey

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23
Q

predators

A
  • acquire energy by killing prey
  • predators or groups of predators are larger than prey
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24
Q

parasites usually do not…

A

kill their prey
- but they can make you infertile or harm host

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25
micropredator
small animals that feed off organisms (predators smaller than prey) - do not directly kill prey - vampire bats and mosquitos
26
effects of predators
- can influence prey populations - introduced/non-native prey populations can be detrimental to environments (can do rapid damage)
27
Herbivores can have substantial effects on...
the species they consume
28
The effects of herbivores may be seen by...
fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing
29
The synchrony of population cycles between ___ and ____ suggests that these oscillations are the result of...
consumers and the populations they consume - interactions between them
30
a predator-prey cycle:
normal prey population --> prey population increases --> predator population increase --> prey population decreases --> predator population decreases --> prey population increase.....
31
a predator-prey cycle assumes that...
- predators only eat 1 type of prey ("idealized relationship" - assumption is usually not met (predator can prey on diff prey)
32
downfalls of the Lotka-Volterra model
oversimplified (doesn't include): - time delays - density dependence - real foraging behavior of most predators
33
downfalls of the Lotka-Volterra model
oversimplified (doesn't include): - time delays - density dependence - real foraging behavior of most predators
34
in order to have a not-oversimplified model, must include:
functional and numerical responses
35
Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline
the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable
36
Joint population trajectory
the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations
37
Joint equilibrium point
the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross
38
If either of the populations (prey/predator) stray from the equilibrium point, they will...
oscillate around the point
39
Functional response
the relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption
40
Whenever prey density increases and a predator can consume a higher proportion of those prey, the predator can...
regulate the growth of the prey population
41
Type I functional response
As prey density increases, predators consume a constant proportion of prey until satiation
42
Type II functional response
Any increase in prey density is associated with a slowing rate of prey consumption because of increased handling time
43
Type III functional response
when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively
44
Type III response: Low consumption at low prey densities may occur for 3 reasons:
1. Prey can easily find refuge to hide. 2. Predators may have less practice at locating and catching prey but develop a search image at higher prey densities. 3. Predators may exhibit prey switching by changing their diet preferences to the more abundant prey.
45
Populations of predators usually grow slowly relative to populations of their prey, but the movement of mobile predators can...
occur rapidly when prey density increases
46
adaptations: predators have evolved strategies to ____, but prey have evolved strategies to ____
- secure maximum amount of food w/ minimal energy expenditure - to escape predation
47
3 types of adaptations
A change in: - Physical (Structural) - Physiological - Behavioral
48
Structural Adaptations (physical or morphological adaptations)
a change in the physical or structural appearance of an organism
49
Physiological adaptations
a change in the production of either a noxious substance or an attractant
50
Behavioral adaptations
A change in the behavior of an organism that aids its survival
51
Predators that exhibit active hunting strategies spend most of their time...
moving around looking for prey
52
Predators that exhibit ambush (sit- and-wait) hunting strategies....
lie in wait for a prey to pass by
53
Stalking is a combination of...
sit and wait and active hunting
54
Hunting can be thought of as a series of events, including...
detecting, pursuing, catching, handling, and consuming prey
55
Anti-predator defense
- concealment/camouflage (crypsis) - mimicry - structural (armor) or chemical defense - ex: foul taste or smell - fight back - group together
56
types of mimicry
- mimicking other species (ex: something dangerous) - mimicking other parts of its body (false eye or false head) - mimicking nature (leaves, sticks, etc.)
57
costs of defenses
- reduced feeding activity - crowding away from predators - reduce growth, development, or reproduction of organism
58
Coevolution
when two or more species affect each other’s evolution; selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators
59
Structural defenses against herbivores
deter herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits - ex: sharp spines, hair
60
Chemical defenses against herbivores
sticky resins and latex compounds that are hard to consume, and alkaloids (ex: caffeine, nicotine, morphine) that have a wide range of toxic effects.
61
Some plants employ the strategy of tolerating herbivory and can...
rapidly replace tissues that are consumed, or grow more tissue in areas that are not being consumed.

Ecology (33 decks)

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