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Ecology > Ch. 14: predation and herbivory > Flashcards

Ch. 14: predation and herbivory Flashcards

1
Q

introduced species (exotic species/non-native species)

A

species introduced to a region of world where it has not historically existed

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2
Q

invasive species

A

introduced species spreads rapidly and has (-) effects on other species, human recreation or human economies

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3
Q

mesopredators

A

relatively small carnivores consume herbivores

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4
Q

top predators

A

predators that consume herbivores and mesopredators

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5
Q

Lotka-Volterra model

A

model of predator/prey interactions
- incorporates oscillations
- shows predator numbers lagging behind those of preys

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6
Q

Growth Rate of prey populations =

A

dN/dt = rN - cNP

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7
Q

Growth Rate of predator populations =

A

dP/dt = acNP - mP

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8
Q

stable population = rate of change =

A

= 0

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9
Q

equilibrium isocline (zero growth isocline)

A

population size of 1 species causes population of another species to be stable

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10
Q

joint equilibrium point

A

point at which equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey population cross

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11
Q

joint population trajectory

A

simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations

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12
Q

functional response

A

relationship b/w density of prey and individual predator’s rate of food consumption

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13
Q

search image

A

mental image that helps predator locate and capture food

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14
Q

numerical response

A

change in # of predators through population growth or movement due to immigration or emigration

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15
Q

crypsis

A

camouflage that either allows individual to match environment or break up outline of an individual to blend in better w/ background environment

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16
Q

warning coloration (aposematism)

A

strategy in which distastefulness evolves in association w/ very conspicuous colors and patterns

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17
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

palatable species evolve warning coloration that resembles unpalatable species
- (unharmful) prey gains protection by resembling unpalatable/defended species

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18
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A
  • 2+ species w/ similar effective defenses
  • mutual/co-evolution of warning signs (red/yellow = danger)
  • several unpalatable species evolve a similar pattern of warning coloration
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19
Q

community ecology

A

biological community w/ interacting species w/in defined area
- community lies b/w spatial scale

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20
Q

species interactions and (+)/(-)

A

competition (-/-), consumption (+/-), parasitism (+/-), mutualism (+/+), commensalism (+/N)

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21
Q

grazers and browsers

A

predator/prey relationship: herbivores
- grazers = eat grass (aquatic = algae)
- browsers = eat branches, twigs, shrubs, etc.

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22
Q

parasitoid

A

lays eggs and babies kill the host
- can limit abundance of prey

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23
Q

predators

A
  • acquire energy by killing prey
  • predators or groups of predators are larger than prey
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24
Q

parasites usually do not…

A

kill their prey
- but they can make you infertile or harm host

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25
Q

micropredator

A

small animals that feed off organisms (predators smaller than prey)
- do not directly kill prey
- vampire bats and mosquitos

26
Q

effects of predators

A
  • can influence prey populations
  • introduced/non-native prey populations can be detrimental to environments (can do rapid damage)
27
Q

Herbivores can have substantial effects on…

A

the species they consume

28
Q

The effects of herbivores may be seen by…

A

fencing areas or removing herbivores to prevent grazing

29
Q

The synchrony of population cycles between ___ and ____ suggests that these oscillations are the result of…

A

consumers and the populations they consume
- interactions between them

30
Q

a predator-prey cycle:

A

normal prey population –> prey population increases –> predator population increase –> prey population decreases –> predator population decreases –> prey population increase…..

31
Q

a predator-prey cycle assumes that…

A
  • predators only eat 1 type of prey (“idealized relationship”
  • assumption is usually not met (predator can prey on diff prey)
32
Q

downfalls of the Lotka-Volterra model

A

oversimplified (doesn’t include):
- time delays
- density dependence
- real foraging behavior of most predators

33
Q

downfalls of the Lotka-Volterra model

A

oversimplified (doesn’t include):
- time delays
- density dependence
- real foraging behavior of most predators

34
Q

in order to have a not-oversimplified model, must include:

A

functional and numerical responses

35
Q

Equilibrium (zero growth) isocline

A

the population size of one species that causes the population of another species to be stable

36
Q

Joint population trajectory

A

the simultaneous trajectory of predator and prey populations

37
Q

Joint equilibrium point

A

the point at which the equilibrium isoclines for predator and prey populations cross

38
Q

If either of the populations (prey/predator) stray from the equilibrium point, they will…

A

oscillate around the point

39
Q

Functional response

A

the relationship between the density of prey and an individual predator’s rate of food consumption

40
Q

Whenever prey density increases and a predator can consume a higher proportion of those prey, the predator can…

A

regulate the growth of the prey population

41
Q

Type I functional response

A

As prey density increases, predators consume a constant proportion of prey until satiation

42
Q

Type II functional response

A

Any increase in prey density is associated with a slowing rate of prey consumption because of increased handling time

43
Q

Type III functional response

A

when a predator exhibits low, rapid, and slowing prey consumption under low, moderate, and high prey densities, respectively

44
Q

Type III response: Low consumption at low prey densities may occur for 3 reasons:

A
  1. Prey can easily find refuge to hide.
  2. Predators may have less practice at locating and catching prey but develop a search image at higher prey densities.
  3. Predators may exhibit prey switching by changing their diet preferences to the more abundant prey.
45
Q

Populations of predators usually grow slowly relative to populations of their prey, but the movement of mobile predators can…

A

occur rapidly when prey density increases

46
Q

adaptations: predators have evolved strategies to ____, but prey have evolved strategies to ____

A
  • secure maximum amount of food w/ minimal energy expenditure
  • to escape predation
47
Q

3 types of adaptations

A

A change in:
- Physical (Structural)
- Physiological
- Behavioral

48
Q

Structural Adaptations (physical or morphological adaptations)

A

a change in the physical or structural appearance of an organism

49
Q

Physiological adaptations

A

a change in the production of either a noxious substance or an attractant

50
Q

Behavioral adaptations

A

A change in the behavior of an organism that aids its survival

51
Q

Predators that exhibit active hunting strategies spend most of their time…

A

moving around looking for prey

52
Q

Predators that exhibit ambush (sit-
and-wait) hunting strategies….

A

lie in wait for a prey to pass by

53
Q

Stalking is a combination of…

A

sit and wait and active hunting

54
Q

Hunting can be thought of as a series of events, including…

A

detecting, pursuing, catching, handling, and consuming prey

55
Q

Anti-predator defense

A
  • concealment/camouflage (crypsis)
  • mimicry
  • structural (armor) or chemical defense
    • ex: foul taste or smell
  • fight back
  • group together
56
Q

types of mimicry

A
  • mimicking other species (ex: something dangerous)
  • mimicking other parts of its body (false eye or false head)
  • mimicking nature (leaves, sticks, etc.)
57
Q

costs of defenses

A
  • reduced feeding activity
  • crowding away from predators
  • reduce growth, development, or reproduction of organism
58
Q

Coevolution

A

when two or more species affect each other’s evolution; selection for prey defenses should favor the selection for counter-adaptation in predators

59
Q

Structural defenses against herbivores

A

deter herbivores from consuming leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits
- ex: sharp spines, hair

60
Q

Chemical defenses against herbivores

A

sticky resins and latex compounds that are hard to consume, and alkaloids (ex: caffeine, nicotine, morphine) that have a wide range of toxic effects.

61
Q

Some plants employ the strategy of tolerating herbivory and can…

A

rapidly replace tissues that are consumed, or grow more tissue in areas that are not being consumed.

Ecology (33 decks)

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