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Ecology > Chapter 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Movement of Energy in Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

terrestrial biomes depend on

A

temperature and precipitation levels

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2
Q

aquatic biomes depend on

A

salinity, depth, water flow

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3
Q

primary producers (autotrophs)

A

convert energy from sun –> chemical bond energy by photo/chemosynthesis

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4
Q

primary consumers

A

herbivores

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5
Q

secondary consumers

A

carnivores eat herbivores

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6
Q

tertiary consumers

A

carnivores eat carnivores

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7
Q

decomposers

A

live on dead/decaying matter
- keystone species

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8
Q

biomass

A

energy to build body size

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9
Q

amount of growth and reproduction depend on…

A

energy available

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10
Q

primary productivity

A

rate at which solar/chemical energy is captured and converted into chemical bonds by photo/chemosynthesis
- energy available in an ecosystem
- powers all trophic levels

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11
Q

standing crop

A

biomass of producers present in ecosystem at given place/time

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12
Q

gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

rate at which energy is captured and assimilated by producers in given area in Joules/meter^2/year

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13
Q

net primary productivity (NPP)

A

rate energy is assimilated by producers and converted into producer biomass in area; how much energy the organism has (how much will a consumer get if they eat it; biomass)
- amnt energy available to consumers

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14
Q

NPP =

A

GPP - respiration;
- change in producer biomass over time

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15
Q

__% of solar energy is absorbed for primary productivity

A

40

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16
Q

Egested energy

A

portion of energy consumed that is excreted/regurgitated

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17
Q

Assimilated energy

A

portion of energy that consumer digests/absorbs
- = GPP for producers

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18
Q

Respired energy

A

energy assimilated by consumer for respiration
- net secondary productivity

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19
Q

Net secondary productivity

A

rate of energy used for biomass accumulation
- = NPP for producers

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20
Q

Trophic pyramid

A

distribution of energy/biomass among trophic groups in ecosystem

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21
Q

Trophic groups

A

position on food chain

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22
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

trophic pyramid displays total energy existing at each trophic level

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23
Q

Pyramid of biomass

A

trophic pyramid represents standing crop of organisms present in diff trophic groups

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24
Q

Consumption efficiency

A

% energy/biomass at trophic level consumed by next higher trophic level

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25
Q

Assimilation efficiency

A

% consumed energy that is assimilated

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26
Q

Net production efficiency

A

% assimilated energy used for growth/reproduction; % assimilated remaining after respiration

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27
Q

Ecological efficiency (food chain efficiency)

A

% net production from 1 trophic level compared to lower trophic level

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28
Q

where is energy lost?

A

o Not all energy is obtained from photosynthesis
o Energy loss of respiration (homeostasis)
o Energy loss of excretion
o Some parts are inedible

29
Q

Energy residence time

A

length of time energy remains at trophic level

30
Q

Energy residence time equation

A

Energy residence time (years) = (energy present in trophic level (J/ m2))/ (net productivity (J/m2/year)

31
Q

Biomass residence time

A
  • length of time biomass remains at trophic level
32
Q

biomass residence time equation

A

Biomass residence time (years) = (biomass present in a trophic level (kg/ m2))/(net productivity (kg/ m2/year)

33
Q

Ecological stoichiometry

A

balance of nutrients in ecological interactions

34
Q

ecosystem

A

biotic, abiotic, and nonliving material

35
Q

4 components of an ecosystem (that energy flow links)

A

abiotic environment, producers, consumers, decomposers

36
Q

GPP =

A

NPP + respiration

37
Q

abiotic environment includes

A

soil, climate, atmosphere, particulate matter, solutes in water

38
Q

When a leaf is exposed to light, __ and __ occur; the net uptake of __ represents NPP

A

photosynthesis and respiration;
- CO2

39
Q

when a leaf is concealed in the dark, only ___ occurs.

A

CO2 respiration

40
Q

Remote sensing

A

a technique that allows measurement of conditions on Earth from a distant location, typically using satellites or airplanes that take photographs of large areas of the globe.

41
Q

Satellite images that show a pattern of ____ absorption of blue and red light, and ___ reflectance of green light indicate ecosystems with high standing crops.

A

high, high

42
Q

ecosystem ecology includes:

A
  • how energy flows among the components of an ecosystem
  • how carbon, nitrogen, and other elements cycle through organisms, sediments, oceans, and the atmosphere
  • how humans affect the abiotic environment.
43
Q

2-7 trophic structure are described by

A

food webs / food chain

44
Q

how do you measure biomass?

A

dehydrate; the dry mass

45
Q

Increases in NPP are _____ correlated with increases in net secondary productivity.

A

positively

46
Q

where is the most secondary production?

A

where the most plants/primary production are

47
Q

primary production in terrestrial environments

A

expect for deserts, terrestrial productivity declines from the equator –> poles

48
Q

highest primary productivity in terrestrial environments and why?

A

tropical rainforests bc of….
- intense sunlight
- warm temps
- high precipitation
- rapidly recycled nutrients

49
Q

primary productivity in aquatic environments (highest and lowest locations)

A

highest productivity in coastal waters and lowest in the open ocean

50
Q

highest primary productivity in aquatic environments

A

swamps and marshes

51
Q

lowest primary productivity in terrestrial environments

A

deserts (low precipitation) and arctic regions (low temps)

52
Q

terrestrial net primary production is limited by…

A
  • temperature (and sunlight)
  • precipitation
53
Q

mean annual precipitation is positively related w/ NPP until ___ of annual precipitation is reached

A

3 m

54
Q

Ecosystems that receive more than 3 m of precipitation experience…

A

a decline in NPP because nutrients leach from the soil

55
Q

Nutrients such as __ and __ strongly affect NPP in terrestrial ecosystems.

A

nitrogen and phosphorus
- reduces rates of decomposition

56
Q

Grasslands, forests, and tundra habitats all experienced ____ NPP when nitrogen and phosphorus were added.

A

increased

57
Q

the overall productivity of marine ecosystems is limited by the availability of ____ and ____.

A

nutrients and light

58
Q

limiting nutrients in the ocean

A

silicon (for silicate shells) and iron because it attaches to P and precipitates to the bottom

59
Q

on avg how much energy is lost between each trophic level? how much transferred?

A

~90% lost
- 10% transfered

60
Q

aquatic ecosystems have __ trophic levels compared to terrestrial ecosystems because of ____.

A
  • more trophic levels (5) than terrestrial ecosystems (3-4)
  • bc of… differences in ecological efficiencies
61
Q

avg. number of links in food chain

A

~ 3.5

62
Q

higher trophic level =

A

higher ecological efficiency

63
Q

aquatic environments have ___ energy moving up trophic levels compared to terrestrial because…

A

more energy bc of easy consumption (small producers) and less defense systems

64
Q

where is energy lost at each trophic level?

A

respiration and maintenance activity

65
Q

aquatic ecosystems trophic pyramids are…

A

inverted (upside down)

66
Q

net production efficiency is much higher in ___ than ___.

A

poikilotherms (~75%) than homeotherms (~1%)

67
Q

the longer the residence time, the ___ the accumulation of energy in that trophic level.

A

greater

68
Q

dead organic matter residence time depends on

A
  • decomposition rate
  • temps
  • precipitation
    - high temps/precipitation = quicker

Ecology (33 decks)

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