Ch. 10: Social Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

social behavior

A

interactions w/ members of one’s own species, including mates, offspring, other relatives, and unrelated individuals

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2
Q

benefits of living in groups

A

survival (dilution effect), feeding (clustered around resources, hunting in packs), mating (availability of mates), 1 can warn others of danger

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3
Q

costs of living in groups

A

predation (large groups are easy to be spotted by predators), competition, disease (spread quickly is close groups)

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4
Q

lek

A

location of an animal aggregation to put on a display to attract the opposite sex

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5
Q

dilution effect

A

reduced, or diluted, probability of predation to a 1 animal when its in a group

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6
Q

territory

A

any area defended by 1+ individuals against the intrusion of others
- defending high quality territory ensures good resources

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7
Q

dominance hierarchy

A

social ranking among individuals in a group, typically determined through fighting or other contests of strength of skill

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8
Q

linear dominance hierarchy

A

1st ranked member dominates all other members, 2nd ranked dominates all but 1st ranked, and so on…

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9
Q

donor

A

individual who directs a behavior toward another individual as part of a social interaction

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10
Q

recipient

A

individual who receives the behavior of a donor in a social interaction

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11
Q

4 types of social behavior:

A

cooperation, selfishness, spitefulness, altruism

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12
Q

cooperation

A

donor and recipient both experience increased fitness from interaction (+/+)

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13
Q

selfishness

A

donor experiences increased fitness and recipient experiences decreased fitness (+ donor/ - recipient)

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14
Q

spitefulness

A

interaction reduces the fitness of both donor and recipient (-/-)

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15
Q

altruism

A

increases fitness of recipient and decreases fitness of donor (- donor, + recipient)

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16
Q

direct fitness

A

fitness an individual gains by passing on copies of its genes to its offspring

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17
Q

indirect fitness

A

fitness an individual gains by helping relatives pass on copies of their genes

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18
Q

direct selection

A

selection favors direct fitness

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19
Q

indirect selection (kin selection)

A

selection favors indirect fitness

20
Q

coefficient of relatedness

A

numerical probability of an individual and its relatives carrying copies of the same genes from a recent common ancestor
- B x r > C

21
Q

B x r > C variables:

A
  • B = benefit to the recipient
  • r = recipients coefficient of relatedness to the donor
  • C = direct fitness cost to the donor
22
Q

for altruism to evolve, cost-benefit ratio must be…

A

< coefficient of relatedness b/w donor and recipient

23
Q

eusocial (“truly” social) species 4 characteristics:

A
  1. several adults living together in group
  2. overlapping generations of parents and offspring living together in same group
  3. cooperation in nest building and brood care
  4. reproductive dominance by 1 or few individuals, and presence of sterile individuals
24
Q

caste

A

individuals w/in social group sharing specialized behavior

25
Q

haplodiploid

A

sex-determination system in which 1 sex is haploid and other is diploid

26
Q

queen

A

dominant egg-laying female in eusocial insect societies

27
Q

dilution effect

A

reduced/diluted probability of predation to a single animal when its in a group
- strength in numbers
- more individuals watching, increases individuals time for feeding (less time individually watching)

28
Q

social behaviors ___, ____, and ___ , and thus are subject to ___.

A
  • have a genetic basis, instinctual basis (innate), and learned behaviors
  • subject to natural selection
29
Q

selection has favored ___ and ____

A

cohesive groups and constrained antagonism (hierarchical order from competition)

30
Q

trade-offs in group food gathering

A

larger groups are better at locating food, but food must be shared among all members

31
Q

territories can be… (2):

A
  1. transient territory
  2. relatively permanent territory
32
Q

home range is

A

a much larger area than a territory; area is used but NOT entirely defended
- may defended center of home range
- range of 1 group (1 species in 1 area)

33
Q

egalitarian ranking

A

linear ranking system (highest (alpha) –> lowest)
- ex: chickens
- once hierarchy established; ranked dominant and submissive

34
Q

despotic social order

A

1 alpha, everyone else equally less than alpha

35
Q

benefits of being a dominant individual

A

reproductive success, foraging success

36
Q

costs of being a dominant individual

A

higher metabolic rates, higher levels of stress hormones, danger of being killed

37
Q

benefits of being a subordinate individual

A

lower risk of injury from fighting, avoid stress, protection by dominant leader

38
Q

costs of being a subordinate individual

A

subject to leader, reduced access to food, reduced access to shelter/reproduction

39
Q

% normal relations b/w family members

A

50%

40
Q

what situation would create 75% relatedness b/w family members?

A

only if there are “sister-wives”
- husband marries wife, wife dies, husband re-marries her sister, their child has 75% relatedness to siblings

41
Q

inclusive fitness

A

direct and indirect fitness

42
Q

2 known animals that are eusocial (other than insects):

A
  • nakedmole rats
  • damaraland mole rat
43
Q

Primary helpers

A

sons of parents that feed and protect chicks

44
Q

Secondary helpers

A

unrelated males that help to feed and protect chicks

45
Q

Delayers

A

unrelated and do not help and wait until the second year to reproduce
- after 2 years, delayers have reduced inclusive fitness relative to secondary helpers

46
Q

naked mole rats…

A
  • only mammal w/o pain receptors on skin
  • no cancer
47
Q

inclusive fitness =

A

(indirect fitness)*(direct fitness)