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Ecology > 2: Adaptations to Aquatic Environments > Flashcards

2: Adaptations to Aquatic Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

evolutionary process; obtain characteristics to help organism be best suited for envr.

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2
Q

Abiotic Factors

A

energy from sunlight, nutrients from soil and water

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3
Q

96% of all elements:

A

hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen

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4
Q

energy

A

ability to do work (potential and kinetic)

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5
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy

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6
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

heat (entropy) is increasing; energy disorder increases

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7
Q

Water:

A

great solvent and most abundant (71% of earth’s surface area)

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8
Q

adaptations of whales and penguins

A

streamlined body for swimming, ↓ metabolism to ↓ demand for oxygen, lots of blubber for warmth

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9
Q

3 basic tasks of all living things:

A
  • Acquire resources
  • Eliminate waste
  • Reproduce
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10
Q

Surface tension

A

water molecules are attracted to each other; creating elastic texture

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11
Q

Capillary action

A

water molecules are attracted to surfaces
- Animals have to break surface tension to get out of water

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12
Q

Water + salt =

A

freezing temp ↓, boiling point ↑

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13
Q

water has a ___ specific heat

A

high
- transfers heat quickly

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14
Q

density of water >/< air

A

water&raquo_space; air (buoyant)

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15
Q

aquatic animals < dense than water =

A

air-filled pocket to help sink
- ex: animals; divers using air-filled vests for skin

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16
Q

aquatic animals > dense than water =

A

use oil/fat to float
- ex: algae w/ oil droplets to float

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17
Q

Viscosity

A

thickness of fluid; causes resistance
- adaptations: streamlined bodies

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18
Q

Solubility

A

water = highly soluble
- Bc of…highly polar hydrogen bonds = highly attracted to polar compounds

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19
Q

Saturation

A

mineral upper limit/bound of solubility in water
- ↑ w/ ↑ temp

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20
Q

Hydrogen ions

A

extremely reactive = dissolve minerals from rocks/soil

21
Q

acidity

A

concentration of H+ ions in solution

22
Q

pH

A

measure of acidity
- pH = - log [H+]

23
Q

Acid deposition(rain)

A

acid deposited as rain/snow/gases attach to surfaces of plants/soil/water
- causes: leaches calcium and soil nutrients, causes aluminum to diccolve in water
- (-) affects nutrient uptake = tree/plant death

24
Q

Osmoregulation

A

mechanisms to maintain solute balance in organism

25
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

organism has > solute concentration than surrounding water
- Freshwater animals, fish

26
Q
  • Hypoosmotic
A

organism has < solute concentration than surrounding water
- saltwater animals: whales, sardines, planktons, sharks, rays

27
Q

concurrent circulation

A

2 fluids in same direction; heat/substances exchanges through barrier

28
Q

anaerobic

A

w/o oxygen

29
Q

aerobic

A

w/ oxygen

30
Q

Q10

A

ratio of rate of physiological process at 1 temp to decreasing temp by 10°

31
Q

Thermophilic

A

heat-loving bacteria; thrive at high temps

32
Q

Thermal pollution

A

discharging water too high for aquatic life

33
Q

Glyceral

A

prevents hydrogens bonds of water to freeze unless temps are way below freezing

34
Q

Glycoproteins

A

can be used to lower freezing temps of water

35
Q

Supercooling

A

glycoproteins in blood impede ice/crystals forming
- ex: in antifreeze and fish

36
Q

Optimum environmental Conditions

A

narrow range of best envir. conditions for organisms

37
Q

Thermal optimum

A

range of temps best for organisms

38
Q

Isozymes

A

diff forms of enzyme to catalyze reaction

39
Q

Salt water contains a lot of

A

Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, SO4

40
Q

fresh water contains a lot of

A

Ca2+, HCO3-, and SO4

41
Q

why do organisms need nitrogen and phosphates?

A

for DNA

42
Q

terrestrial plants have a difficult time acquiring ___.

A

inorganic carbon

43
Q

what is the pH of water?

A

7 (neutral)

44
Q

pH less than 7 =

A

acidic

45
Q

pH greater than 7 =

A

basic

46
Q

CO2 diffuses ___ through water, plants use CO2 ___

A

slowly; rapidly

47
Q

goal of countercurrent circulation

A

O2 concentration in water is always greater than blood

48
Q

fish that need a lot of oxygen live in…

A

cold environments (more O2 in the water)

49
Q

fish that don’t need a lot of oxygen can live in…

A

warmer environments (less O2 in the water)

Ecology (33 decks)

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