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Ecology > Chapter 11: population distributions > Flashcards

Chapter 11: population distributions Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamental niche

A

range of abiotic conditions under which species can persist
- Range of temp, humidity, salinity conditions that allow population for survive, grow, and reproduce

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2
Q

Realized niche

A

range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species persists

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3
Q

Geographic range

A

measure of the total area covered by population
- Climate, topography, soils, vegetative structure

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4
Q

ecological niche modeling

A

process of determining the suitable habitat conditions for a species

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5
Q

ecological envelope

A

range of ecological conditions that are predicted to be suitable for a species
- prediction of where a species could potentially live
- global warming impacts suitable habitats

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6
Q

5 important characteristics for population distributions:

A

geographic range, abundance, density, dispersion, and dispersal

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7
Q

Geographic range

A

all areas its members occupy during their life
- how large an area a population occupies

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8
Q

endemic species

A

species that live in 1 isolated location
- if restricted to specific area, population is susceptible to extinction by natural disaster

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9
Q

cosmopolitan

A

species w/ very large geographic ranges that can span several continents

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10
Q

abundance

A

total number of individuals in a population that exist w/in a defined area
- measure of whether a population is thriving or on brink of extinction

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11
Q

density

A

number of individuals (in 1 population) in a quantified area or volume
- density = (abundance) / (area)
- how many individuals packed into specific location

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12
Q

if density is greater than what habitat can support, individuals will have to ____

A

leave area or population will experience less growth and survival

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13
Q

dispersion

A

describes the spacing of individuals w/ respect to one another w/in geographic range of a population

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14
Q

3 different types of dispersion

A

clustered (aggregated/clumped), evenly space (uniformly), random

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15
Q

Dispersal

A

mvmt of individuals from 1 area to another to colonize areas outside of their geographical range
- w/ good conditions, can be a method for speciation
- To avoid competition or high predation
- NOT migration; dispersal = Do NOT return

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16
Q

Census

A

count of every individual in a population

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17
Q

Survey

A

counting a subset of the population
- Representative of population

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18
Q

Area-and-volume-based surveys

A

surveys define the boundaries of an area or volume and then count all the individuals in the space
- size = rated to abundance and density of population
- can estimate total population size

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19
Q

Line-transect surveys

A

surveys count the number of individuals observed as one moves along a set line (randomization and replication)
- sample survey technique

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20
Q

Mark-recapture surveys

A

researchers capture and mark a subset of a population from an area, return it to the area, and then capture a second sample population after time has passed
- sample survey technique

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21
Q

Lifetime dispersal distance

A

avg distance an individuals moves from where it was hatched/born to where it reproduces

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22
Q

Population abundance vs geographic range:

A

Populations w/ high abundance = large geographic range

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23
Q

Population density vs adult body size:

A

Density of a population is negatively correlated w/ body size
- Smaller individuals live in highest densities, larger individuals live in lowest densities

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24
Q

Dispersal limitation

A

absence of a population from suitable habitat because of barriers to dispersal
- common barriers: physical barriers, ice, climate, altitude, food, water, competition
- Humans can assist animals/plants in overcoming limitations

25
Q

Habitat corridors

A

strip of favorable habitat located b/w 2 large patches of habitat that facilitates dispersal

26
Q

Ideal free distribution

A

individuals distribute themselves among different habitats in a way that allows them to have the same per capita benefit
- How individuals should distribute themselves among habitats of differing quality

27
Q

Subpopulations

A

larger population is broken up into smaller groups that live in isolated patches

28
Q

Basic metapopulation model

A

model describes a scenario in which there are patches of suitable habitat embedded w/in a matrix of unsuitable habitat

29
Q

Source-sink metapopulation model

A

population model that builds on basic metapopulation model; accounts of the fact that not all patches of suitable habitat are of equal quality

30
Q

Source subpopulations

A

in high-quality habitats, subpopulations that serve as a source of dispersers w/in a metapopulation

31
Q

Sink subpopulations

A

in low-quality habitats, subpopulations that rely on outside dispersers to maintain the subpopulation within a metapopulation

32
Q

Landscape metapopulation model

A

population model that considers both differences in the quality of the suitable patches and the quality of the surrounding matrix

33
Q

Density-dependent population

A

density is a factor
- maximum carrying capacity for population

34
Q

Density-dependent population

A

density is a factor
- maximum carrying capacity for population is a factor

35
Q

Density-independent population

A

density is not a factor
- maximum carrying capacity is not a factor
- abiotic and biotic factors limit density

36
Q

3 major types of spatial distribution

A

aggregated, uniform, random

37
Q

Aggregated spatial distribution

A

members of population live in groups; family or social grouping
- Many eyes to lookout for predation
- Resources are localized (water holes, etc.)

38
Q

Uniformly spatial distribution

A

maintain relatively constant distance b/w individuals
- Defending resources, breeding sites, nutrients/water
- Animals defend their territories
- Some plants and animals have chemical markers for spacing

39
Q

Random spatial distribution

A

individuals do not form social groups; resources are equally spaced and abundant
- Less common
- Not helpful for breeding; some are random for most of the year and come together for mating

40
Q

isolation

A

restrict gene flow, allow for speciation
- isolation = speciation depends on: distance factors, time factor, area factor, habitat factor, the flow factor, chance/random events

41
Q

Key processes in ecosystem change

A

dispersal, drift, selection, speciation
- Ideal way to categorize ecological data

42
Q

spatial structure

A

pattern of density and spacing of individuals in a population

43
Q

most introduced species are…

A

not invasive and likely won’t survive
- if they do survive, they are invasive species

44
Q

Clustered dispersion

A

pattern of dispersion in which individuals are aggregated in discrete groups (ex: social groups or around resources)

45
Q

Evenly spaced dispersion (uniformly)

A

pattern of dispersion in which each individual maintains a uniform distance b/w itself and its neighbors

46
Q

Random dispersion

A

pattern of dispersion in which the position of each individual is independent of the position of other individuals in the population

47
Q

vicariance

A

splitting range; extinction of middle population

48
Q

ultimate cause of dispersal

A

avoidance of inbreeding and inbreeding depression over time

49
Q

costs of dispersal

A
  • greater risk of death due to increased energy expenditure, unfamiliar habitat, or predation risk
  • reduced survival or reproductive success bc if of unfamiliarity with new environments
50
Q

costs of dispersal

A
  • greater risk of death due to increased energy expenditure, unfamiliar habitat, or predation risk
  • reduced survival or reproductive success bc if of unfamiliarity with new environments
51
Q

active dispersal

A

mvmnt of organism from 1 location to another on its own (by its own means)

52
Q

passive dispersal

A

mvmnt of organism from 1 location to another by means of a stronger force
- ex: water flow, wind, other organism, etc.

53
Q

equation to estimate total population size w/ mark-recapture survey

A

N = (M x C) / R
- N = population size
- M = initially captured individuals
- R = marked recaptured individuals

54
Q

quantifying dispersal

A

technique to measure how far individuals travel from 1 source location
- can determine life-time dispersal difference

55
Q

3 types of dispersal barriers

A
  1. physiological
  2. ecological
  3. behavioral
56
Q

common physiological barriers

A
  • physical environments outside of organisms tolerance range
    land-water, salinity, temperature
57
Q

common ecological barriers

A
  • predation, mating, competition
58
Q

dispersal routes

A

corridors (most things through), filters (some things and not others), sweepstake route (few cross, but success for those that do)

Ecology (33 decks)

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