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Ecology > 3: Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments > Flashcards

3: Adaptations to Terrestrial Environments Flashcards

1
Q

what is special about Camels adaptations?

A

they cool their brains w/ increased blood flow and maintain relatively constant temp in high heat
- 30-40% of body mass is stored water

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2
Q

soil nutrients that plant needs:

A

nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, potassium,
- oxygen, hydrogen (H + O from water in soil)

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3
Q

water potential

A

measure of water’s potential energy (mvmt of water in soil)

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4
Q

water potential depends on..

A

gravity, pressure, osmotic potential, and matric potential (soil particles)

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5
Q

matric potential

A

potential energy generated by attraction b/w water and soil molecules
- units of pressure (mPa)

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6
Q

Field capacity

A

max amnt of water held by soil particles against gravity; -0.01 mP

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7
Q

Wilting point

A

water potential when plants can’t retrieve water from soil
- ~1.5 MPa

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8
Q

Xylem

A

long tubes transport water and minerals
- ~95% of water comes from transpiration on the leaves

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9
Q

Phloem

A

transport glucose/food/fluid move in any direction ; sieve tube and companion cells

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10
Q

Apoplastic pathway

A

water move cell-to-cell through cell walls

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11
Q

Simplistic pathway

A

water move across cytoplasm–>xylem

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12
Q

Salinization

A

repeated irrigation (w/ salty water) causing increased soil salinity; challenge for crops

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13
Q

Cohesion of water

A

mutual attraction of water molecules
- Attraction of h. bonds causes water to move up xylem
- Helps column of water move up vessels of tall plants

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14
Q

Root pressure

A

osmotic potential in roots draw water into and up xylem
- Counteracted by gravity in o. potential inside root cells

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15
Q

Transpiration

A

water loss bc of evaporation
- stomata open, water levels inside of plant = higher than outside

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16
Q

Cohesion-tension theory:

A

water pulled up roots–>leaves bc of water cohesion and tension generated by transpiration
- limits plant heights to ~130 m

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17
Q

ways plants reduce transpiration (to keep more water)

A
  • waxy cuticle, stomata guard cells open/close
  • keeping needles / shedding leaves
  • orient to minimize/maximize solar gain
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18
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

energy from the sun in photons

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19
Q

Highest energy photon =

A

highest frequency, shortest wavelength (nm)

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20
Q

Visible light

A

wavelengths in b/w infrared and ultraviolet radiation visible to human eye

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21
Q

Chloroplasts

A

eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms specialized organelles

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22
Q

Photosynthetically active region of light spectrum

A

visible portion of spectrum; wavelengths suitable for photsyn.
- 400 nm (violet) –> 700 nm (red)
- Plants, algae, bacteria absorb for photosynthesis

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23
Q

Thylakoids

A

stacks of membranes; where light reaction occurs

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24
Q

Stroma

A

fluid filled space our thylakoids; where calvin cycle occurs

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25
Q

Carotenoids function

A

pigments in thylakoid that absorb solar radiation
- reflect orange and red light

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26
Q

Chlorophylls function

A

pigments in thylakoid that capture light energy (solar radiation) for photosynthesis
- absorb red and violet light

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27
Q

Chlorophylls reflect…

A

green and blue light
- gives leaves their color

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28
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

all organisms have

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29
Q

Chlorophyll b, c, d, f

A

accessory pigments; capture light and give to “a”

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30
Q

Photosynthesis

A

energy from photons (sunlight) –> chem energy in high-energy bonds
- occurs in the chloroplast

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31
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

6 CO2 (from air) + 6 H2O (from roots) + photons (from sun) —-> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6 O2

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32
Q

Light reactions (step 1):

A

energy from the sun + (H+) + (ADP) –> ATP
energy from the sun + (H+) + (NADP+) –> NADPH
- occurs in thylakoid

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33
Q

Calvin Cycle (step 2):

A

cell uses energy to convert CO2 –> glucose; in stroma of chloroplast
- occurs in stroma
- carbon fixation
- occurs during day, “dark reactions”

34
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A
  • occurs in chloroplast
  • in cool climates
  • 6-carbon sugar catalyzed by Rubisco
35
Q

photorespiration

A

oxidation of carbohydrates to CO2 and H2O by Rubisco
- reverses light reaction of photosynthesis

36
Q

C4 photosynthesis:

A

—> adds initial assimilation of CO2 when low:
—> catalyzed by PEP (higher affinity for CO2 than Rubisco)
- occurs in mesophyll
- in hot climates
- mostly grains

37
Q

CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) Photosynthesis:

A

–> Open stomata for gas exchange at night, close during day
- between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells
- Water-stressed environments
- ex: Cacti, pineapple, etc.

38
Q

Structural adaptations for water loss/gain:

A
  • Shallow/deep roots, rapid uptake of water/storage
  • cuticles (lead resins), spines, hairs
    • Reduce water loss
    • Traps moisture from air
39
Q

Homeostasis

A

ability to maintain constant internal conditions in varying environments

40
Q

Negative feedback

A

when system deviates from desired state; internal response mechanisms act to restore that desired state
- ex: hypothalamus gland in brain regulates body temp

41
Q

Kidneys:

A

remove salts and nitrogenous waste from blood in all mammals
- Solutes dissolved in water

42
Q

the loop of Henle

A

helps recover some before secretion, concentrates urine
- Direct relationship to kidney size

43
Q

4 sources of heat exchange:

A

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

44
Q

Radiation

A

emission of electromagnetic energy from sun

45
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of kinetic energy of heat b/w substance in contact
- Depends on surface area, resistance to heat transfer, temp diff

46
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat by mvmt of liquids and gases

47
Q

Evaporation

A

transformation of water from liquid –> gas w/ energy input

48
Q

Surface area =

A

length^2

49
Q

volume =

A

length^3

50
Q

Thermal inertia

A

resistance to change temp due to large body volume

51
Q

Thermoregulation

A

ability of organism to maintain body temp

52
Q

Homeotherm

A

organism maintains constant temp w/in cells

53
Q

Poikilotherm

A

organism w/o constant body temp

54
Q

Blood shunting

A

adaptation that allows blood vessels to shut off so less of animal’s warm blood flows to cold extremities
- ex: humans hands/legs stay cold, while stomach/brain stay warm

55
Q

Independent variable

A

causes other variables to change

56
Q

dependent variable

A

effect by change/changing

57
Q

evolutionary adaptation!!

A

the process of changing physiology, anatomy, and behavior to become more suited to an environment

58
Q

how do kangaroo rats get their water? (in dry environments)

A
  • through food they eat; adaptation to maximize use of water
59
Q

plants need to obtain ___ from their environment (other than from soil)

A

carbon

60
Q

matric potential = 0 MPa

A

saturated soil

61
Q

matric potential = -0.01 MPa

A

field capacity of soil
- plants can’t extract anymore water

62
Q

matric potential = -1.5

A

wilting point of soil

63
Q

sand, silt, and clay: order by which holds the most water

A

most–>least: clay, silt, sand
- smaller particles = holds more water

64
Q

3 components of soil:

A

sand, silt, clay

65
Q

If a root cell has a higher solute concentration than soil water, __ will draw water into root cells

A

osmosis

66
Q

roots have ___ that prevent larger solutes from leaving the root; allows ions and small molecules to enter

A

semipermeable membranes

67
Q

most plants use ___ photosynthesis…

A

C3

68
Q

capillarity action; in plants?

A

movement of water up a narrow tube
- xylem tissue acts as capillary

69
Q

surface tension

A

a pull that exists on water molecules at an air-water interface

70
Q

as water moves up the tree, ___ decrease

A

water potential decreases as you move up the tree

71
Q

guard cells in stomata allow for exchange of:

A

CO2 entry, O2 exit

72
Q

For every 1g of CO2, the plant loses ___ of water.

A

500g

73
Q

Rubisco (RuBP)

A

enzyme that incorporates CO2 into plants
- open stomata, lower oxygen
- closed stomata = too much O2 = stops

74
Q

cacti adaptations to reduce heat loading:

A
  • increase surface area (more loss of heat)
  • increase reflectivity
75
Q

adaptations to grow in poor soil

A
  • symbiosis (relationship w/ fungi)
  • grow slowly
  • keep leaves (ex: evergreen)
  • storage
  • grow more roots than shoots; root hairs
76
Q

Epiphytic Plants (Epiphytes)

A
  • adapted to grow in the absence of soil
  • absorb most nutrients from: rainwater, dust, and particles that collect in/on bark
77
Q

how do mammals conserve water in hot environments

A

evaporative cooling, reduce activity, seek shade, only come out at night, migrate seasonally, produce concentrated urine, eliminate evaporation losses from lungs

78
Q

extremely hot temps cause…

A
  • denaturing of proteins
  • accelerated chemical processes
  • affect properties of lipids/membranes
79
Q

endotherm

A

warm-blooded

80
Q

ectotherm

A

cold-blooded

81
Q
A

Ecology (33 decks)

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