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Ecology > Ch.6: Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes > Flashcards

Ch.6: Terrestrial and Aquatic Biomes Flashcards

1
Q

Convergent evolution

A

2 species descended from unrelated ancestors look similar bc of similar selective forces

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2
Q

Biome

A

unique geographic region w/ communities composed of organisms w/ similar adaptations; based on plants (must have); terrestrial
- depends on soil type
- defined by plants in that area

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3
Q

2 characteristics that determine biome

A

avg annual precipitation and temperature

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4
Q

Climate diagrams

A

visualize patterns of temp and precipitation associated w/ particular biome

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5
Q

Growing season

A

months that are warm enough and have enough precipitation to allow plant growth

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6
Q

Tundras:

A

coldest biome; treeless, permafrost (permanently frozen soil)
- Low precipitation
- Acidic soil bc of slow decomposition
- Nutrient-poor
- Upper soils thaw during summer growing season

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7
Q

Alpine tundras

A

@ high elevation = longer growing season

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8
Q

Boreal forests (Taiga)

A

biome densely populated by evergreen needle-leaved trees w/ short growing season and severe winters
- Avg temps < 5°C
- Soil is acidic and podzolized
- low evaporation, long growing season
- low temps, slow decomposition, accumulates large waste reservoir (carbon)
- few species can survive harsh winters (-60°C)
- source for lumber and paper (low species diversity)
o keystone species: wolves

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9
Q

Temperate rainforests

A

biome known for mild temps and high precipitation
- Dominated by evergreen forests
- Warmer conditions bc of warm ocean nearby
- Mild, rainy winters and foggy summers
- Historic plant communities; low species diversity

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10
Q

Temperate seasonal rainforests

A

biome w/ moderate temp and lots of precipitation
- Dominated by deciduous trees (maple, beech, oak)
- Low fluctuations
- Soils support a layer of small plants beneath dominant trees (slightly acidic)
- Warmer and drier parts are dominated by pines

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11
Q

Woodlands/shrublands

A

biome w/ hot/dry summers and mild/wet winters
- Favors growth of drought-tolerant grasses and shrubs
- 12-month growing season
- Frequent fires

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12
Q

Sclerophyllous

A

vegetation w/ small, durable leaves

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13
Q

Temperate grasslands/cold deserts

A

hot/dry summers, cold/harsh winters
- Prairies
- Soil has low acidity and is nutrient-rich
- Plant growth limited by lack of precipitation in summer and cold temps in winter
- Contains the badlands (things can’t really grow) and buffalo

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14
Q

Tropical rainforests

A

warm/rainy biomes w/ multiple layers of lush vegetation
- Continuous canopy of 30-40 m trees w/ understory
- Highest species diversity
- Matter decomposes quickly; vegetation rapidly takes up nutrients
- Trees have wide-spread, shallow roots to get rainwater (not a lot of soil nutrients)

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15
Q

Tropical seasonal forests/savannas

A

biome w/ warm temps, pronounced wet and dry seasons (bc of intertropical convergence zone)
- Deciduous trees that shed their leaves during the dry season
- Rapid decomposition and nutrient cycling
- Favors growth and reproduction
- Fire and grazing maintain savannas

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16
Q

Subtropical deserts

A

biome w/ hot temps, little rainfall, long growing seasons, and little vegetation
- Hot deserts north and south of equator
- Descending air of Hadley cells
- Low rainfall, neutral pH

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17
Q

Aquatic ecosystems categorized by…

A

flow/current, depth and salinity

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18
Q

Lotic systems

A

flowing fresh water

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19
Q

Lentic systems

A

nonflowing fresh water

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20
Q

Stream/Creek

A

narrow channel of fast-flowing fresh water

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21
Q

River

A

wide channel of slow-flowing fresh water

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22
Q

Riparian zone

A

band of terrestrial vegetation along rivers and streams
- Influenced by seasonal flooding and elevated water tables

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23
Q

Allochthonous

A

inputs of organic matter (ex: leaves) that come from outside an ecosystem

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24
Q

Autochthonous

A

inputs of organic matter produced by algae and aquatic plants w/in ecosystem

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25
Q

Photic zone

A

area of neritic and oceanic zones w/ sufficient light for photosynthesis by algae
- Intertidal
- Extends across entire ocean
- Where light can penetrate

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26
Q

Neritic zone

A

intertidal zone –> open ocean ~200 m deep
- Edge of zone = end of continental shelf (submerged portion of continental plate)
- Only photic zone

27
Q

Oceanic zone

A

ocean zone beyond neritic zone

28
Q

Abyssal zone

A

not very productive, characterized by organism w/ chemosynthesis
ocean: aphotic and photic zones

29
Q

Euphoric zone

A

filled w/ free moving organisms

30
Q

Intertidal zone

A

along the shore (b/w high and low tide); consists of rocky, sandy, and muddy beaches
- Tides come through twice a day
- Gravitational pull from moon and sun causes tidal differences
- Organisms have to be adapted to be covered by water and exposed to air

31
Q

Estuaries

A

area along coast where mouths of freshwater rivers mix w/ salt water from oceans
o Where stream and ocean meet
o Highly productive

32
Q

Coral reefs

A

one of most productive environments; tiny animals in mutualistic relationship w/ algae; produce CO2, algae produce sugars
- Hollow tubes w/ exoskeletons and tentacles that collect detritus and plankton
- Live in colonies
- Climate change = increased acidification = threat
- 20°C year round

33
Q

Coastal wetlands (salt/tidal marshes)

A

saltwater biome w/ nonwoody emergent vegetation
o Found at continental coasts and in estuaries

34
Q

Mangrove swamp

A

biome occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts
- Trees have roots submerged in salt-water; tolerant
- Atlantic east pacific = ~ 8 species
- Indo west pacific = ~40 species
- Highest high tide = last species of mangrove

35
Q

3 types of mangroves

A

fringe
dwarf (red mangroves)
landward (white and black mangroves)

36
Q

Which are most salt tolerant mangroves?

A

landward (white mangroves, peg roots)
- Salt deposits as high tides come/go and water evaporates

37
Q

Plankton

A

free floating producers
o Ex: clam larvae

38
Q

Nekton

A

free swimming consumers

39
Q

Benthos

A

bottom dwellers
o Ex: adult clams

40
Q

Decomposers

A

bacteria

41
Q

Ponds

A

aquatic biome smaller than a lake
- Nonflowing freshwater w/ some area too deep for plants to rise of above surface

42
Q

Lake

A

aquatic biomes larger than pond
- Nonflowing freshwater w/ some area too deep for plants to rise above surface

43
Q

Littoral zone

A

shallow area around edge of lake of pond w/ rooted vegetation

44
Q

Limnetic zone (Pelagic zone)

A

open water beyond littoral zone; where photosynthetic organisms = floating algae

45
Q

Benthic zone

A

area w/ sediments at bottoms of lakes, ponds, and oceans
o Habitat for burrowing organisms

46
Q

Profundal zone

A

area in lake too deep to get sunlight; low O2 levels

47
Q

3 types of circulation:

A

epilimnion, thermocline, hypolimnion

48
Q

Epilimnion circulation

A

surface layer of water in lake/pond

49
Q

Thermocline circulation

A

middle depth of water; experiences rapid change in temp over short distance

50
Q

Hypolimnion circulation

A

deeper layer of water

51
Q

Stratification

A

condition of lake/pond when the warmer, less dense surface water floats to cooler, denser water

52
Q

Fall turnover

A

vertical mixing of lake; occurs in fall, assisted by winds that drive surface currents

53
Q

Oligotrophic lake

A

small limnetic zone, sparce fish population, most life in littoral zone (narrow), low concentration of nutrition and plankton, little shore vegetation

54
Q

Eutrophic lake

A

small limnetic zone w/ dense fish population, wide littoral zone, a lot of shore vegetation, lots of plants on top

55
Q

Natural eutrophication

A

every lake or body of water will eventually eutrophicate; natural cycles

56
Q

Cultural eutrophication

A

human caused eutrophication (fertilizer)
- Algae don’t allow for oxygenation = fish die

57
Q

Freshwater wetland

A

aquatic biome w/ standing freshwater, or soil saturated w. fresh water
- Shallow enough to have emergent vegetation throughout all depths
- Swamps, marshes, bogs

58
Q

historical biogeograhpy

A

the current geographic location of species with evolutionary relationships to infer their evolutionary history through space and time

59
Q

ecological biogeography

A

considers distribution of extant species as a function of modern conditions

60
Q

biomes are classified by

A

the types of plants there

61
Q

tropical rainforests are responsible for more than ___% of biodiversity on earth

A

more than 50% of biodiversity on earth

62
Q

intertidal zone productivity

A

high productivity bc of readily available nutrients and light

63
Q

spring tide is the…

A

greatest tidal difference

64
Q

3-4 zonations of intertidal zone:

A
  • Subtitle zone- below lowest tides
  • Low tide zone- lowest the tide will get; almost always wet
  • Middle tide zone- submerged ½ day, exposed to air ½ day
  • Higher tide zone- exposed for majority of day

Ecology (33 decks)

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