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Ecology > Chapter 4: Adaptations to Variable Environments > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Adaptations to Variable Environments Flashcards

1
Q

Genotype

A

genetic code for traits

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2
Q

3 types of genotypes

A
  • homozygous dominant (BB)
  • homozygous recessive (bb)
  • heterozygous (Bb)
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3
Q

Phenotype

A

physical expression of trait

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4
Q

Gene

A

portion of DNA that codes for a trait

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5
Q

Allele

A

diff forms of same trait

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6
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

ability of 1 genotype to produce many phenotypes (depending on environment)
- as envir. changes, phenotypes can change

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7
Q

Bet hedging

A

giving up immediate, potential gain for hedge against total failure (to lower risks)

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8
Q

examples of bet hedging

A
  • Diversification of timing of egg hatching and seed germination
  • Diversified offspring physiology
  • Females mating with multiple fathers
  • Long life with a little reproduction every year
  • Delayed germination of winter annual plants
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9
Q

Phenotypes of Grey Treefrog embyros:

A

Female frogs- lay eggs days before ready to hatch to avoid predation
- Embryos can sense predators’ chemicals; hatch sooner (survive, but vulnerable)
- When tadpoles sense predators, grow large red tail (can be eaten/lost and regrown

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10
Q

Temporal environmental variation

A

how environmental conditions change over time
- depends on the severity and frequency

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11
Q

Weather

A

variation in temp and precipitation over hours–>days

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12
Q

Climate

A

atmospheric background conditions occur throughout year–>years

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13
Q

Spatial environmental variation

A

Adaptation based on environment; changes occurs from place-to-place bc of climate, topography, and soil variation
- ex: soil types, dispersion of seeds
- A moving individual perceives spatial variation as temporal (series of events)
- Faster you move, more conditions you encounter

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14
Q

Phenotypic trade-off

A

neither phenotype does well in both environments

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15
Q

Acclimation

A

environmentally induced change in individual’s physiology
- most rapid responses (reversible)
- Behavioral, anatomical, and morphological

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16
Q

Enemies:

A

predators, herbivores, parasites, pathogens

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17
Q

Hermaphrodite

A

individual w/ male and female gametes

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18
Q

Self-fertilization

A

can reproduce w/ mate or alone

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19
Q

Inbreeding depression

A

decrease fitness caused by mating b/w close relatives

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20
Q

Variation due to biotic conditions:

A

enemies, competitors, mates

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21
Q

Variation due to abiotic conditions:

A

temperature, water availability, salinity, oxygen

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22
Q

Microhabitat

A

specific location w/in habitat that differs in environmental conditions

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23
Q

Water availability adaptations: Plants phenotypic plasticity

A

favors plants that can:
- Close/Open stomata
- Stop/Start transpiration
- Wide/long! root growth (alter root-shoot ratio)

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24
Q

Migration

A

2 seasonal mvmts of animals

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25
Q

Dormancy

A

condition in which organisms dramatically reduce their metabolic processes

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26
Q

4 types of dormancy:

A

diapause, hibernation, torpor, aestivation

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27
Q

Diapause

A

type of dormancy in insects w/ unfavorable conditions
- Insects

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28
Q

Hibernation

A

long term- dormancy in mammals; individuals reduce their energy costs by lowering heart rate and decreasing body temp
- Squirrels, bats, bears, etc.

29
Q

Torpor

A

short-term dormancy; individuals reduce activity and body temps
- Birds and mammals

30
Q

Aestivation

A

shutting down metabolic processes during summer bc of hot/dry conditions
- Snails, desert tortoises, and crocodiles

31
Q

Optimal foraging theory

A

model describes foraging behavior that provides best balance b/w costs and benefits of diff foraging strategies
- why animals choose what they eat
- how animals adapt to not be eaten or to eat

32
Q

4 responses to food variation in space and time:

A

central place foraging, risk-sensitive foraging, optimal diet composition, diet mixing

33
Q

central place foraging

A

acquired food is brought to central place
- parents find, bring back to babies
- try to decrease distance/time, energy costs, and exposure (costs/benefits)

34
Q

risk-sensitive foraging

A

influenced by presence of predators

35
Q

optimal diet composition

A

range of foods w/ low handling time (amnt of energy gained vs time) and depending on environmental availability
- handling time- amnt of time predator takes to consume captured prey

36
Q

diet mixing

A
37
Q

handling time

A

amnt of time predator takes to consume captured prey

38
Q

fitness

A

ability to put more genes into a population (reproduction)

39
Q

reaction norm

A

amnt of time for a species to change

40
Q

polyphenism

A

more extreme plasticity; environ. dictates phenotype

41
Q

sound sensitivity is greatest when…

A

the distance b/w ears matches wavelength

42
Q

Phenotypic plasticity in animals:

A

can show or hide melanin

43
Q

Phenotypic plasticity in plants:

A

can produce diff colors based on pH of soil

44
Q

Phenotypic plasticity in bacteria:

A

can turn on or turn off genes

45
Q

Environmental conditions for phenotypic plasticity:

A

temp, food supply, gravity, light, presence of predators

46
Q

examples of bet hedging

A

Diversification of timing of egg hatching and seed germination, Diversified offspring physiology, Females mating with multiple fathers, Long life with a little reproduction every year, Delayed germination of winter annual plants

47
Q

adaptations for prey (enemy situation)

A

Prey alter behavior and growth in response to predators
- Improve fitness

48
Q

Temperature adaptations in fish:

A

Isozymes form phenotypic plasticity
- Ex: goldfish swim faster at low temps, can survive high but swim slower

49
Q

adaptations to prevent freezing: fish, insects, amphibians

A
  • fish: glycerol proteins as “antifreeze”
  • insects: use bark as insulation
  • amphibians: burry themselves in soil, antifreeze chemicals form ice crystals to avoid tissue damage, animals “thaw” in spring
50
Q

Why animals choose what they eat?

A

o Lowest risk value
o lowest expendable energy
o Highest nutrients

51
Q

How do animals adapt to not be eaten or to eat?

A

o Camouflage, slippery shells, etc.
o Speed, heightened senses, etc.

52
Q

examples of predictable temporal environmental variation

A

day/night, seasonal changes in temp and precipitation

53
Q

examples of not predictable temporal environmental variation

A

weather and climate

54
Q

examples of temporal environmental variation heavily impacting ecosystems

A
  • droughts, fires, tornadoes, tsunamis (rare frequency)
  • slowly: warming climate
55
Q

nonplastic genotypes vs. plastic genotypes

A
  • nonplastic: have high or low fitness in varying environments
  • plastic: have high fitness in both environments (trade-off)
56
Q

traits possible for phenotypic tradeoff

A

behavior, growth, development, and reproduction

57
Q

what do phenotypically plastic traits respond to?

A
  • environmental cues (smells, sights, sounds, and changes in abiotic condition, and competition)
  • some respond at diff rates
58
Q

what phenotypically plastic traits are rapid? which are irreversible?

A
  • rapid: behavioral
  • irreversible: morphology and physiology
59
Q

“Ciliates in the genus Euplotes” adaptations to predators:

A

sense chemical signals from predators, within hours grow huge wings to make them too big for a predator to eat
- takes times to develop, so usually small

60
Q

animals response to food competition

A

spend more time looking for food or extract more nutrients from food

61
Q

Burmese python food adaptations

A

increases surface area of digestive tract to break it down quicker and increases blood flow to extract more nutrients

62
Q

temperature adaptations of lizards

A

move in/out of shade and on/under rocks

63
Q

responses to changes in salinity in aquatic environments

A

synthesize large quantities of certain amino acids to increase the osmotic potential of the body fluids to match that of the environment
(w/o consequences of salt and urea); TO minimize the cost of osmoregulation
- to return: metabolize excess free amino acids to reduce their osmotic difference

64
Q

adaptations to lack of oxygen (high altitudes)

A

increase in red blood cells and hemoglobin to improve oxygen uptake

65
Q

why do locusts migrate?

A

eat all of food supply; mass migrations cause destruction to crops

66
Q

phenotypically plastic response to very extreme changes in environment

A

migration, food storage, and dormancy

67
Q

risk-sensitive foraging

A

altering foraging patterns to avoid predation

68
Q

3 strategies for bet hedging

A
  1. conservative bet-hedging (play it safe, low risk, less variance)
  2. diversified bet-hedging (don’t pull all eggs in 1 basket, less variance)
  3. several strategies at once (random from fixed distribution based on predictions)

Ecology (33 decks)

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