Ch. 17: Mutualism Flashcards
mutualism
ecological interaction b/w 2 species in which both benefit (+)/(+)
generalisrts
species interacts w/ many other species
specialists
species interacts w/ 1 other species or a few closely related species
obligate mutualists
2 species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist
- 1 CAN’T live w/o the other
facultative mutualists
2 species provide fitness benefits to each other, but is NOT critical to the persistence of either species
clownfish and sea anemones have ___ mutualism.
facultative mutualism
corals provide a home for _____
photosynthetic algae
- algae needs coral for photosynthesis
- coral do not need algae
can a relationship be obligate and facultative mutualism?
yes!
- 1 species could need the other to survive
- the other species could not need the first species to survive
resource-resource relationship
resource is traded for a different resource
service-resource relationship
organism trades resource for service
- ex: all distributors of seeds
- animal gets food, plants get distributors
- pollinators get food, plants get pollinated
endozoochory
the dispersal of seeds of plants by animals
- some animal eats seeds, but don’t fully digest, then poop them out and spread them (ex: birds)
service-service relationships are…
rare!
service-service relationship
service traded for service
- ex: ant living in plants; ant protected from nature (home) and plant protected (by ants) from other insects or parasites
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship b/w fungi and plants
- fungi colonize root system of host plant, increased water and nutrients absorption; fungi act as additional roots (and communication b/w plants)
- plant provide fungi w/ carbohydrates (glucose), water and CO2 from photosynthesis
about ____% of vascular land plants live in some association w/ mycorrhizae fungi
90%
- often fungi allows for survival of plants
mycorrhizae and plants have a ___ mutualistic relationship
facultative
- both can live w/o each other but do better together
2 types of mycorrhizal fungi
endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal
endomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae threats penetrate root cells b/w cell wall and cell membrane (enters cell)
ectomycorrhizal fungi
hyphae grow b/w root cells (around root cells, but not through cell walls)
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
endomycorrhizal
- infects plants and trees
- w/in plant cells
- nodules hold nutrients for plants
- coevolution
rhizobium bacteria and plants
mutualistic relationship b/w plants and bacteria
- ex: nitrogen fixing bacteria (if nutrients is low)
protozoans and animals
mutualistic relationship w/ termites
- w/in stomach (gut) and assists w/ digestion of wood particles
rhizobium bacteria and animals relationship
gut bacteria help w/ digestion
bacteria and protozoa are..
they have similar functions but they are NOT the same
- both can be mutualistic w/ animals
bacteria in cow stomachs… (relationship)
break down nutrients (for the cow)
- bacteria benefit w/ steady flow of food
mutualisms can aid in…
defense against enemies
- ex: bacteria can prevent predation and parasites
- ex: bacteria prevents starvation
pom-pom crabs
mutualistic relationship w/ sea anemone
- crab has anemone on hands to ward off/kill predators
- anemone gets food and transportation
pom-pom crabs and sea anemone have a ___ relationship
service-food relationship
- sea anemone = service (protection) of crab
- sea anemone gets food from crab
one type of service is…
“cleaning”
- animals can clean other animals (eating parasites off of fish, birds clean crocodiles teeth, etc.
birds and deer have a ____ relationship
service-food relationship
- birds eat ticks off dear (service)
- birds get food from eating ticks
in order for a relationship to be mutualistic…
BOTH species must benefit
commensalism
one species benefits, other species isn’t benefitted or harmed
facilitation
mutualistic relationship
- 1 organism increases probability of presence/survival of another organism
all pollinators are..
symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships
T/F: there are 3 way mutualistic relatioships
TRUE
- ex: ant, caterpillar, plant
- caterpillar pollinates plant, caterpillar produces food for ant, ant carries caterpillar to plant….
which type of mycorrhizal fungi is more common?
endomycorrhizal fungal
endomychorrhizal fungi is on ___ plants
herbaceous plants
ectomycorrhizal fungi is on ___ plants
woody plants (~2% of all plants)
bees are most closely related to their ___, followed by __, and then ___
most closely related to their SISTERS
- then the QUEEN
- then the BROTHERs (barely)
C.F. Huffaker’s experiment with mites and oranges demonstrates that prey and predator populations can persist in nature when…
prey disperse more easily than predators
Compare and contrast a predator’s numerical response and functional response
- functional response- per capita rate of consumption (by predator) in relation to # of prey
- numerical response- increase in consumption (by predator) leads to an increase in predator reproduction (an increasing numerical response)
Compare and contrast density- and trait-mediated indirect effects.
- density-mediated indirect effects- indirect effects caused by changes in density of an intermediate species
- trait-mediated indirect effects- indirect effects caused by changes in traits of an intermediate species
