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Ecology > Ch. 17: Mutualism > Flashcards

Ch. 17: Mutualism Flashcards

1
Q

mutualism

A

ecological interaction b/w 2 species in which both benefit (+)/(+)

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2
Q

generalisrts

A

species interacts w/ many other species

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3
Q

specialists

A

species interacts w/ 1 other species or a few closely related species

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4
Q

obligate mutualists

A

2 species that provide fitness benefits to each other and require each other to persist
- 1 CAN’T live w/o the other

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5
Q

facultative mutualists

A

2 species provide fitness benefits to each other, but is NOT critical to the persistence of either species

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6
Q

clownfish and sea anemones have ___ mutualism.

A

facultative mutualism

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7
Q

corals provide a home for _____

A

photosynthetic algae
- algae needs coral for photosynthesis
- coral do not need algae

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8
Q

can a relationship be obligate and facultative mutualism?

A

yes!
- 1 species could need the other to survive
- the other species could not need the first species to survive

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9
Q

resource-resource relationship

A

resource is traded for a different resource

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10
Q

service-resource relationship

A

organism trades resource for service
- ex: all distributors of seeds
- animal gets food, plants get distributors
- pollinators get food, plants get pollinated

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11
Q

endozoochory

A

the dispersal of seeds of plants by animals
- some animal eats seeds, but don’t fully digest, then poop them out and spread them (ex: birds)

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12
Q

service-service relationships are…

A

rare!

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13
Q

service-service relationship

A

service traded for service
- ex: ant living in plants; ant protected from nature (home) and plant protected (by ants) from other insects or parasites

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14
Q

mycorrhizae

A

symbiotic relationship b/w fungi and plants
- fungi colonize root system of host plant, increased water and nutrients absorption; fungi act as additional roots (and communication b/w plants)
- plant provide fungi w/ carbohydrates (glucose), water and CO2 from photosynthesis

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15
Q

about ____% of vascular land plants live in some association w/ mycorrhizae fungi

A

90%
- often fungi allows for survival of plants

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16
Q

mycorrhizae and plants have a ___ mutualistic relationship

A

facultative
- both can live w/o each other but do better together

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17
Q

2 types of mycorrhizal fungi

A

endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal

18
Q

endomycorrhizal fungi

A

hyphae threats penetrate root cells b/w cell wall and cell membrane (enters cell)

19
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi

A

hyphae grow b/w root cells (around root cells, but not through cell walls)

20
Q

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

A

endomycorrhizal
- infects plants and trees
- w/in plant cells
- nodules hold nutrients for plants
- coevolution

21
Q

rhizobium bacteria and plants

A

mutualistic relationship b/w plants and bacteria
- ex: nitrogen fixing bacteria (if nutrients is low)

22
Q

protozoans and animals

A

mutualistic relationship w/ termites
- w/in stomach (gut) and assists w/ digestion of wood particles

23
Q

rhizobium bacteria and animals relationship

A

gut bacteria help w/ digestion

24
Q

bacteria and protozoa are..

A

they have similar functions but they are NOT the same
- both can be mutualistic w/ animals

25
Q

bacteria in cow stomachs… (relationship)

A

break down nutrients (for the cow)
- bacteria benefit w/ steady flow of food

26
Q

mutualisms can aid in…

A

defense against enemies
- ex: bacteria can prevent predation and parasites
- ex: bacteria prevents starvation

27
Q

pom-pom crabs

A

mutualistic relationship w/ sea anemone
- crab has anemone on hands to ward off/kill predators
- anemone gets food and transportation

28
Q

pom-pom crabs and sea anemone have a ___ relationship

A

service-food relationship
- sea anemone = service (protection) of crab
- sea anemone gets food from crab

29
Q

one type of service is…

A

“cleaning”
- animals can clean other animals (eating parasites off of fish, birds clean crocodiles teeth, etc.

30
Q

birds and deer have a ____ relationship

A

service-food relationship
- birds eat ticks off dear (service)
- birds get food from eating ticks

31
Q

in order for a relationship to be mutualistic…

A

BOTH species must benefit

32
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits, other species isn’t benefitted or harmed

33
Q

facilitation

A

mutualistic relationship
- 1 organism increases probability of presence/survival of another organism

34
Q

all pollinators are..

A

symbiotic (mutualistic) relationships

35
Q

T/F: there are 3 way mutualistic relatioships

A

TRUE
- ex: ant, caterpillar, plant
- caterpillar pollinates plant, caterpillar produces food for ant, ant carries caterpillar to plant….

36
Q

which type of mycorrhizal fungi is more common?

A

endomycorrhizal fungal

37
Q

endomychorrhizal fungi is on ___ plants

A

herbaceous plants

38
Q

ectomycorrhizal fungi is on ___ plants

A

woody plants (~2% of all plants)

39
Q

bees are most closely related to their ___, followed by __, and then ___

A

most closely related to their SISTERS
- then the QUEEN
- then the BROTHERs (barely)

40
Q

C.F. Huffaker’s experiment with mites and oranges demonstrates that prey and predator populations can persist in nature when…

A

prey disperse more easily than predators

41
Q

Compare and contrast a predator’s numerical response and functional response

A
  • functional response- per capita rate of consumption (by predator) in relation to # of prey
  • numerical response- increase in consumption (by predator) leads to an increase in predator reproduction (an increasing numerical response)
42
Q

Compare and contrast density- and trait-mediated indirect effects.

A
  • density-mediated indirect effects- indirect effects caused by changes in density of an intermediate species
  • trait-mediated indirect effects- indirect effects caused by changes in traits of an intermediate species

Ecology (33 decks)

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