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Ecology > Ch. 16: Competition > Flashcards

Ch. 16: Competition Flashcards

1
Q

Competition is a…

A

(–)/(–) interaction when individuals use the same limited resources

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2
Q

Resource

A

anything an organism consumes or uses that causes an increase in population growth rate when it becomes more available
- must be consumable

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3
Q

resources for animals include:

A

food, water, space

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4
Q

resources for plants include:

A

sunlight, water, and soil nutrients

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5
Q

T/F: temperature is considered a resource

A

FALSE
- any ecological factors that cannot be consumed are NOT considered resources

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6
Q

Liebig’s law of the minimum

A

law stating that a population increases until the supply of the most limiting resource prevents it from increasing further
- not all resources limit consumer populations.

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7
Q

When two species compete for a single limiting resource, the species that persists is the one that can…

A

drive down the abundance of that resource to the lowest level

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8
Q

An increase in one resource can have a much larger effect on a population when there is also an…

A

increase in a second resource

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9
Q

Intraspecific competition occurs between…

A

members of the SAME species

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10
Q

Negative density dependence is a common type of __________, where an increase in a population’s density causes a decline in the growth rate of the population.

A

intraspecific competition

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11
Q

Interspecific competition occurs between…

A

members of two DIFFERENT species

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12
Q

Interspecific competition occurs when…

A

the niches of two species overlap
- you can’t have 2 species occupy the same niche, they will move a little away so they don’t have to compete

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13
Q

habitat

A

place/set of environmental conditions where particular organism lives

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14
Q

ecological niche

A
  • role species plays in biological community
  • total set of environmental factors species can tolerate
  • ex: autotroph (producers, herbivores), heterotrophs (consumers)
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15
Q

generalists

A

occupy a broad niche

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16
Q

specialists

A

occupy a narrow niche

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17
Q

when generalists and specialists collide _____ usually win

A

generalists

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18
Q

Species interactions may affect ___ and ___ of a particular species.

A

the distribution and abundance

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19
Q

Interspecific competition can cause the population of one species to…

A

decline and eventually die out

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20
Q

competitive exclusion principle:

A

it is not possible for species within the same niche to coexist
- one will “win” out and other will move or die off

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21
Q

Law of Competitive Exclusion:

A
  • No 2 species will occupy the same niche and compete for exactly the same resources for an extended period of time.
  • 1 will either migrate, become extinct, or partition the resource and utilize a sub-set of the same resource.
22
Q

competitive exclusion occurs when…

A

competition is asymmetric and niches overlap completely

23
Q

the consequences of competition (“niche differentiation”)

A
  • weaker species will retreat to an area of non-overlap
24
Q

Darwin suggested that competition is most intense between….

A

related species because they have similar traits and consume similar resources.

25
Q

For related species that compete strongly, natural selection should favor…

A

differences in habitat use

26
Q

if niches don’t overlap completely, weaker competitors use….

A

non-overlapping resources

27
Q

Competition can also be intense among…

A

distantly related species that consume a common resource

28
Q

Competition can also be intense among…

A

distantly related species that consume a common resource

29
Q

Population dynamics of two competing species can be modeled by using ______

A

the logistic growth equation

30
Q

Zero population growth isocline:

A

population sizes at which a population experiences zero growth

31
Q

Two species may be able to coexist when…

A

each is better at persisting at low levels of DIFFERENT resources
- they’re all relying on multiple, slightly different resources

32
Q

The outcome of competition can be altered by…

A

abiotic conditions, disturbances, and interactions with other species

33
Q

the most competitive organisms are often the most….

A

susceptible to predation or herbivory

34
Q

Predators can reverse…

A

the outcome of competition

35
Q

Herbivores can alter…

A

the outcome of competition

36
Q

Types of competition

A
  1. consumptive competition
  2. preemptive competition
  3. overgrowth competition
  4. chemical competition
  5. territorial competition
  6. encounter competition
  7. apparent competition
37
Q

Consumptive competition (Exploitative competition):

A
  • competition in which individuals consume and decrease the abundance of a resource to a point that other individuals cannot persist
38
Q

consumptive (exploitative) competition is considered ____ competition because it occurs through ____.

A
  • indirect
  • a shared resource.
39
Q

preemptive competition

A

competition for space (and access to resources)

40
Q

overgrowth competition

A

one organism grows over another

41
Q

Interference competition:

A

when competitors do not immediately consume resources but defend them
- direct competition

42
Q

4 types of interference competition

A

chemical, territorial, encounter, apparent

43
Q

Allelopathy (chemical interference)

A

type of interference competition when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors
- effective strategy for invasive plants

44
Q

territorial competition

A

mobile organisms protect a feeding or breeding territory

45
Q

aggressive interactions are a type of..

A

interference competition

46
Q

encounter competition

A

organisms interfere directly for access to specific resources

47
Q

apparent competition

A

form of competition b/w species indirectly competing with another species (or group of organisms)
- both of them serve as prey, parasite or herbivore

48
Q

apparent competition occurs when…

A

the first group of species increases in number
- this results in the increase in number of predators in the area
- increase in number of predators (all different types of predators trying to eat 1 type of prey)

49
Q

_____ competition could be generated if one species facilitates the enemy of another species.

A

Apparent

50
Q

organisms are able to use a combination of…

A

competition and competition types

51
Q

Chi-square test

A

a statistical test that determines whether the number of observed events in different categories differs from an expected number of events, based on a particular hypothesis; useful when data are counts

Ecology (33 decks)

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