Chapter 9- Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory Flashcards
The series of Maslow, Gordon Allport, Carl Rogers, Rollo May and others are sometimes thought of as the _____ _____. The first force was psychoanalysis, the second was behaviorism.
Third force
Maslow married his first:
Cousin
Maslow’s theory rests on five basic assumptions about motivation:
1) it is a holistic approach to motivation, the whole person, not any single part or function, is motivated
2) motivation is complex, and may be unconscious
3) people are continually motivated by one need or another
4) people in different cultures are motivated by the same basic needs
5) needs can be arranged in a hierarchy
This concept assumes that lower level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators
Hierarchy of needs
The five needs composing Maslow’s hierarchy of needs have a striving or motivational character, they are called:
Conative needs
Lower level needs, according to Maslow, have _______ over higher level needs; that is, they must be satisfied or mostly satisfied before higher level needs become activated.
Prepotency
What are the five needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, self-actualization.
These are the most basic needs of any person and include food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, and so on
Physiological
In what two ways to physiological needs differ from
1) they can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
2) they are reccurring
These needs include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from danger, and which results in basic anxiety if not satisfied
Safety needs
These needs include the desire for friendship, the wish for a mate and children, the need to belong to a family, a club, neighborhood, or a nation.
Love and belongingness needs
These needs include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
Esteem needs
Maslow identify two levels of esteem needs:
Reputation-the perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others
Self-esteem-based on more than reputation, it reflects a desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. Based on real competence and not on others opinions
These needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the world
Self-actualization needs. Satisfied only by the psychologically healthiest people
In addition to the five conative needs, low identified three other categories of needs:
Aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic
This type of need is not universal and is a desire for beauty and order
Aesthetic needs. When these needs are not met people become sick
These needs include the desire to know, to understand, and to be curious. Knowledge is a prerequisite for each of the five conative needs
Cognitive needs. People who are denied knowledge and kept in ignorance become sick, paranoid, and depressed
These needs include a desire to dominate, to inflict pain, or to subject oneself to the will of another person. These needs always lead to stagnation and pathology whether or not they are satisfied. They are nonproductive.
Neurotic needs
Insert in rare cases, the order of needs might be ______. For example, a starving mother may be motivated by love needs to give up food in order to feed her starving children.
Reversed. However, if he understand the unconscious motivation behind many apparent reversals, we might see that they are not genuine reversals at all.
Maslow believed that some behaviors are not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or drugs. These behaviours are:
Unmotivated
According to Maslow, this type of behavior has no aim or goal but is merely a person’s mode of expression
Expressive behaviors
According to Maslow, this type of behavior is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned, and deals with the person’s attempt to cope with the environment. Always motivated by some deficit need
Coping behaviors
Lack of satisfaction of any of the basic needs leads to some kind of:
Pathology
According to Maslow, this is the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life when you are deprived of self-actualization
Metapathology
According to Maslow, these needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning
Instinctoid needs
What are for criterion for separating instinctoid needs from noninstinctoid needs?
1) The level of pathology upon frustration
2) instinctoid needs are persistent and their satisfaction leads to psychological health
3) instinctoid needs are species-specific
4) though difficult to change, instinctoid needs can be molded, inhibited, or altered by environmental influences
Maslow believed that higher level needs such as love, esteem, and self-actualization are ______ on the evolutionary scale than lower level needs and that they produce more genuine _______ and more peak experiences
Later, happiness
What are Maslow’s four criterion for self actualization?
1) absence of psychopathology
2) they have progressed through the hierarchy of needs
3) they embrace the B values
4) Full realization of one’s potential for growth
Maslow believed that self-actualizing people are motivated by the eternal verities, values that are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs. They are the ultimate level of needs. These values are called
B-values or being values.
This type of motivation is characterized by expressive rather than coping behavior and is associated with the B-values according to Maslow.
Metamotivation
What are the 14 B values?
True, goodness, beauty, wholeness or the transcendence of dichotomies, aliveness or spontaneity, uniqueness, perfection, completion, just as an order, simplicity, richness or totality, effortlessness, playfulness or humor, and self-sufficiency or autonomy
This characteristic of self-actualizing people is having the uncanny ability to detect phoniness in others as well as art and music. They are not fooled by facades. They can see both positive and negative underlying traits in others. Perceive ultimate value is more clearly. And are less prejudiced and less likely to see the world as they wish it to be. Are less afraid of the unknown
More efficient perception of reality
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they accept themselves and others the way they are. They tolerate weaknesses in others and are not threatened by others’ strengths and accept nature including human nature as it is and do not expect perfection.
Acceptance of self, others, and nature
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they are unconventional but not compulsively so and are not afraid to express deeply felt emotions. They have no need to appear complex or sophisticated
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
This characteristic of self-actualizing people is defined by their interest in problems outside themselves. They view age-old problems from a solid philosophical position
Problem-centering
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means that they can be alone without being lonely
The need for privacy
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have grown beyond dependency on other people for their self-esteem
Autonomy
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means that they have the wonderful capacity to appreciate again and again, freshly and naively, the basic goods of life, with awe, pleasure, wonder, and even ecstasy. They have the ability to view every date things with fresh vision and appreciation
Continued freshness of appreciation
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have experiences that are mystical in nature and that somehow gave them a feeling of transcendence and feelings of awe, wonder, ecstasy, reverence, and humility.
The peak experience
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have social interest or a deep feeling of oneness with all humanity
Gemeinschaftsgefühl
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have nurturant feelings toward people in general, but their close friendships are limited to only a few that are deep and intense.
Profound interpersonal relations
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have the ability to disregard superficial differences between people. They can be friendly and considerate with other people regardless of class, color, age, or gender. They have a desire and an ability to learn from anyone
The Democratic character structure
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have a clear sense of right and wrong, and they experience little conflict about basic values
Discrimination between means and ends
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have humor that a spontaneous, unplanned, and intrinsic to the situation
A philosophical sense of humor
Is characteristic of self-actualizing people mean they possess a keen perception of truth, beauty, and reality
Creativeness
This characteristic of self-actualizing people means they have the ability to set personal standards and to resist the mold set by the dominant culture
Resistance to enculturation
Deficiency love is also called:
D-love
Love for being or essence of another person. Love that is mutually felt and shared and not motivated by a deficiency or incompleteness within the lover.
B-love
According to Maslow, this is the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and rapture. It is value free, with a methodology that is sterile and nonemotional
Desacralization
Maslow believed that scientists must be willing to instill it with human values, emotion, and ritual, to ______ it.
Resacralize
Maslow argued for this kind of attitude for psychology, one that would be noninterfering, passive, and receptive. It’s goal would be sheer fascination
and the desire to release people from controls so that they can grow and become less predictable
Taoistic attitude
Maslow attempted to verify his hunches about self-actualization using idiographic and _______ methods
Subjective
Everett L. Shostrim developed this inventory in an attempt to measure the values and behaviors of self-actualizing people. It is a 150 forced choice inventory that assesses a variety of self actualization facets
The Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). There is also the short index of self actualization and the brief index of self actualization.
This is the fear of being or doing one’s best, a condition that all of us have to some extent. Maslow believed that many people allow false humility to stifle their creativity and to fall short of self-actualization
The Jonah complex
Maslow psychotherapy suggests that much of therapy should involve a productive human relationship and that the job of the therapist is to help clients satisfy these types of needs
Love and belongingness
Recent research has supported Maslow’s theory and found that the lower motives were stronger in _____ people, whereas higher motives were stronger in ______ people
Younger, older
Recent research in positive psychology supports Maslow’s prediction that these type of experiences often have a lasting impact on people’s lives.
Peak experiences, writing and even simply thinking about past positive experiences resulted in participants reporting greater well-being
Maslow’s theory rates high in three areas
Generating research, organize knowledge, and guide action
Maslows theory rates low in
Falsifiability
Maslows theory rates average in two areas
Simplicity and internal consistency
Maslow’s view of humanity rates high in four areas
Free choice, optimism, teleology, and uniqueness
Maslows theory rates about average in two areas
Social influences and unconscious versus conscience determinants of behavior
This theory assumes that people are continually motivated by one or more needs, and that under the proper circumstances they can reach a level of psychological health called self-actualization
Maslow’s holistic-dynamic theory
