Chapter 13- Mcrae And Costa's Five-Factor Trait Theory

Question 1

Using this method of gathering data, you begin with no preconceived bias concerning the number or name of traits or types

Answer 1

Inductive method. This is a method used by Mccrae and Costa

Question 2

With this method of gathering data, you would have preconceived hypotheses in mind before beginning to collect data

Answer 2

Deductive method

Question 3

Raymond _______ was a pioneer of factor analysis and used factor analysis to identify a large number of treats, including personality traits. Included and personality traits for temperament traits, which are concerned with how a person behaves. Temperament traits include both normal and abnormal treats. Patel’s multifaceted approach yielded __ treats. __ characterize the normal population and __ Measure the pathological dimension

Answer 3

Cattell, 35, 23, 12

Question 4

This is a mathematical procedure for reducing a large number of scores to a few more general variables or factors. Mccrae and Costa

Answer 4

Factor analysis

Question 5

This is a measure of which variables are related to other variables and to what extent

Answer 5

Correlation coefficient

Question 6

Correlations of the original, specific scores with the factors are called: Macrae and Costa

Answer 6

Factor loadings

Question 7

Traits generated through factor analysis may be either unipolar or bipolar. ______ traits are scaled from zero to some large amount, in contrast, _______ traits extend from one pole to an opposite pole, with zero representing a midpoint

Answer 7

Unipolar, bipolar

Question 8

Four factors to have psychological meaning, the analyst must _____ the axis on which the scores are plotted.

Answer 8

Rotate

Question 9

This method was advocated by Cattell and assumes some positive or negative correlation and refers to an angle of less than or more than 90°

Answer 9

The oblique method

Question 10

Advocates of the five factor theory favor this rotation where rotated axes are at right angles to each other

Answer 10

The orthogonal rotation

Question 11

Earlier in their studies, McCray and cost that were building elaborate taxonomies of personality traits, as with many other factor theorists, they quickly discovered three traits:
They later found two more factors:

Answer 11

Extroversion E, neuroticism N, and openness to experience O

Agreeableness A, and conscientiousness C

Question 12

The five factors have been found across a variety of ______ and using a number of ________. In addition, they show some permanence with ___

Answer 12

Cultures, languages, age

Question 13

McCray and Costa found that personality traits are basically ______, with some people scoring high on one factor and low on its counterpart

Answer 13

Bipolar

Question 14

According to Mccraine Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be anxious, temperamental, self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional, and vulnerable to stress related disorders. People with low scores on __ tend to have opposite characteristics

Answer 14

N- neuroticism

Question 15

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be affectionate, jovial, talkative, a joiner, and fun loving, whereas low __ scorers tend to have opposing traits

Answer 15

E- extraversion

Question 16

According to Macrae and Costa, high __ scorers prefer variety in their life and are contrasted to low __ scores to have a need for closure and to gain comfort in their association with familiar people and things

Answer 16

O- openness

Question 17

According to Macrae and Costa, people who score high on __ tend to be trusting, generous, yielding, accepted, and good-natured. Low __ scorers are generally suspicious, stingy, unfriendly, irritable, and critical of other people

Answer 17

A- agreeableness

Question 18

According to Macrae and Costa, people high on this scale tend to be ordered, controlled, organized, and dishes, achievement focused, and self disciplined

Answer 18

C- conscientiousness

Question 19

McCray and Costa predict behavior through an understanding of three central or core components and three peripheral ones. The three core components include:

Answer 19

Basic tendencies, characteristic adaptations, and self-concept

Question 20

According to Macrae and Costa, these are the universal raw material of personality. Include cognitive capabilities, artistic talent, sexual orientation, and the psychological processes underlying acquisition of language

Answer 20

Basic tendencies.

Question 21

According to Mccrae and Costa these are acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment. Includes acquired skills, habits, attitudes, and relationships that results from the interaction of individuals with their environment

Answer 21

Characteristic adaptations

Question 22

According to Mccrae and Costa this refers to knowledge and attitudes about oneself and includes knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self. The beliefs, attitudes, and feelings one has towards oneself

Answer 22

Self-concept

Question 23

The three peripheral components of personality according to McCray and Costa are:

Answer 23

Biological basis, objective biography, and external influences

Question 24

According to Macrae and Costa, these are the sole cause of basic tendencies and includes genes, hormones, and brain structures

Answer 24

Biological bases

Question 25

According to Macrae and Costa, this is everything a person does or thinks over a lifetime

Answer 25

Objective biography

Question 26

According to Macrae and pasta, how we respond to the opportunities and demands of the context is called. College, views, and evaluations of the self

Answer 26

External influences. Behavior is a function of the interaction between characteristic adaptations and external influences

Question 27

According to Macrae and Costa, the two most important core postulates are :

Answer 27

Basic tendencies and characteristic adaptations

Question 28

According to Macrae and Costa, basic tendencies have four postulates:

Answer 28

Individuality, origin, development, and structure.

Question 29

According to McCrane Costa, this postulate stipulates that every adult has a unique pattern of treats

Answer 29

Individuality postulate

Question 30

According to McCrane Costa, this postulate assumes that all personality traits originate solely from biological factors

Answer 30

Origin postulate

Question 31

According to Macrae and Costa, this postulate assumes that traits develop and change through childhood, adolescence, and middle adulthood

Answer 31

Development postulate

Question 32

According to McCray and Costa, this postulate states that traits are organized hierarchically from narrow and specific to broad and general

Answer 32

Structure postulate

Question 33

The postulate concerning _______ _______ states that, over time, people adapt to their environment by acquiring patterns of thoughts feelings and behaviors that are consistent with their personality traits and earlier adaptations. Traits affect the way we adapt to the changes in our environment

Answer 33

Characteristic adaptations

Question 34

According to Macrae and Costa, the second characteristic adaptation postulate _______, suggests that our responses are not always consistent with personal goals or cultural values

Answer 34

Maladjustment

Question 35

According to Macrae and Costa, this characteristic adaptation postulate states that basic traits may change over time in response to biological maturation, changes in the environment, or deliberate interventions

Answer 35

Plasticity postulate

Question 36

The five trait theory of Macrae and Costa has drawn a considerable amount of research. They have developed a widely used personality inventory called the:

Answer 36

NEO-PI. Trades have been linked to vital outcomes such as physical health, well-being, and academic success and more every day outcomes such as mood

Question 37

Sparked by McCray and Costa, research has been done on the relationship of traits and academic performance. They found that conscientiousness was the most important trait for predicting ____ in high school and college, but not for ___ scores

Answer 37

GPA’s, SAT. The big five factors were not strong predictors of SAT math scores, but openness was related to SAT verbal scores and these differences are attributed to differences between aptitude an achievement measured by SATs versus GPAs

Question 38

Research sparked by McCray and Costa on the relationship between neuroticism and retaking the SAT found that

Answer 38

High scores in neuroticism are often viewed negatively, but the anxious tendencies of those high on neuroticism were very adaptive because these tendencies led them to retake the SAT and score higher each time they did

Question 39

Research sparked by McRae and Costa on Internet use traits and well-being found that those who use the Internet _______ we’re unable to stop surfing, be preoccupied with the Internet, or do you have Internet use interfering with other duties. More introverted, less agreeable, and more neurotic adolescents and young adults were more likely to score high on compulsive use

Answer 39

Compulsively

Question 40

McCray and Costa have sparked research on traits and emotion. Causality has been studied, does The mood cause the behavior, or does the behavior caused the mood? What did they find?

Answer 40

When people act in a certain way, their behavior doesn’t deed influence their mood to fit a behavior

Question 41

In what three areas do Macrae and Costas theory rate high?

Answer 41

Parsimony, their ability to generate research, and on their usefulness in organizing data

Question 42

In what three areas does Macrae and Costas theory rate average on?

Answer 42

Falsifiability, usefulness to the practitioner, and internal consistency

Question 43

Describe Macrae and Costas concept of humanity

Answer 43

Factor theory is generally assume that human personality is largely the product of genetics and not the environment, therefore the theory is rated high on biological influences and on the uniqueness of individuals, low on social factors, and average unconscious versus unconscious influences. The concepts of free choice, optimism versus pessimism, and causality versus teleology are not clearly addressed

Question 44

These two people have taken a factor analytic approach to identify traits, that is, relatively permanent dispositions of people and have insisted that the proper number of personality factors is five.

Answer 44

McCray and Costa