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Chapter 2- Freud: Psychoanalysis Flashcards

1
Q

The unconscious has two different levels:

A

The unconscious proper and the preconscious

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2
Q

All of those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most of our words, feelings, and actions

A

The unconscious

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3
Q

The blocking out of anxiety filled experiences

A

Repression

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4
Q

Inherited experiences that lie beyond an individuals personal experience

A

Phylogenetic endowment

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5
Q

Contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty

A

The preconscious

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6
Q

Those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. It is the only level of mental life directly available to us

A

Consciousness

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7
Q

The medium for the perception of external stimuli, in other words, what we perceive through our sense organs

A

Perceptual conscious system

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8
Q

Conscious idea stem from two areas:

A

The perception of external or stimuli (our perceptual conscious system) and from the preconscious a (within the mental structure) after they have evaded censorship

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9
Q

Freud conceptualized three regions of the mind:

A

The ID, the ego, and the super ego

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10
Q

The ego cuts across the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious components. What about the super ego and ID?

A

The super ego is both pretty conscious and unconscious and the ID is completely unconscious

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11
Q

The part of the mind which is completely unconscious, serves the pleasure principle, and contains our basic instincts

A

The ID

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12
Q

The ID operates through the:

A

Primary process. It survival is dependent on the development of a secondary process to bring it into contact with the external world. This secondary process functions through the ego.

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13
Q

The only region of the mind in contact with reality. It becomes a person sole source of communication with the external world.

A

The ego or secondary process

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14
Q

The ego is governed by this principal and is responsible for reconciling the unrealistic demands of the ID and the super ego

A

The reality principle

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15
Q

Represents the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles. It has no contact with the outside world.

A

The superego

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16
Q

The superego has two subsystems:

A

The conscience and the ego-ideal

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17
Q

Results from experiences with punishments for improper behavior and tells us what we should not do

A

The conscience

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18
Q

Develops from experiences with rewards for proper behavior and tells us what we should do

A

The ego-ideal

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19
Q

Those forces that motivate people

A

Dynamics of personality

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20
Q

Freud grouped all human drives urges under two primary instincts:

A

Sex and aggression

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21
Q

Every basic drive is characterized by four things:

A

An impetus, a source, an aim, and an object

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22
Q

According to Freud this is the amount of force a drive exerts

A

It’s impetus

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23
Q

According to Freud this is the region of the body in a state of excitation or tension by a drive

A

It’s source

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24
Q

According to Freud, a drive’s ______ is to seek pleasure by removing that excitation or reducing the tension

A

Aim

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25
Q

According to Freud, a drive’s _____ is the person or thing that serves as the means through which the aim is satisfied

A

Object

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26
Q

Areas capable of producing sexual pleasure, for instance, the genitals, mouth, and anus

A

Erogenous zones

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27
Q

The aim of the sexual instinct is

A

Pleasure, which can be gained through the erogenous zones

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28
Q

The object of the sexual instinct is any person or thing that brings sexual

A

Pleasure

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29
Q

Infants are primarily self-centered, with their libido invested almost exclusively on their own ego. This condition, which is universal, is known as

A

Primary narcissism, or self-centeredness

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30
Q

During puberty, adolescents often redirect their libido back to the ego and become preoccupied with personal appearance and other self interests. This is called:

A

Secondary narcissism. It is not universal

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31
Q

The need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation on another person

A

Sadism

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32
Q

Receiving sexual pleasure from painful experiences

A

Masochism

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33
Q

The destructive instinct aims to return a person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed against other people and is called

A

Aggression

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34
Q

A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied by a physical sensation that warns the person against impending danger.

A

Anxiety

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35
Q

Only the ____ can produce or feel anxiety

A

Ego. The ID, superego, and outside world can each be a source of anxiety

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36
Q

Apprehension about an unknown danger. The feeling itself exists in the ego, but it originates from ID impulses

A

Neurotic anxiety

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37
Q

Similar to guilt and stems from the conflict between the ego and the superego

A

Moral anxiety

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38
Q

Closely related to fear, and unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving a possible danger. Produced by the ego’s relation with the real world.

A

Realistic anxiety

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39
Q

These operate to protect the ego against the pain of anxiety

A

Defense mechanisms

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40
Q

List eight defense mechanisms identified by Freud

A

Repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, and sublimation

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41
Q

Involves forcing unwanted, anxiety-loaded experiences into the unconscious. It is the most basic of all defense mechanisms because it is an active process in each of the others

A

Repression

42
Q

The repression of one impulse and the ostentatious expression of its exact opposite

A

Reaction formation

43
Q

When people redirect their unwanted urges onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse

A

Displacement

44
Q

Develop when psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, making psychological change difficult. The permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier, more primitive stage of development. When the prospect of taking the next step becomes to anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining at the present, more comfortable psychological stage

A

Fixation

45
Q

Whenever a person reverts to earlier, more infantile modes of behavior

A

Regression

46
Q

Seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one’s own unconscious

A

Projection

47
Q

An extreme form of projection which is characterized by delusions of persecution

A

Paranoia

48
Q

When people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority

A

Introjection

49
Q

The elevation of the sexual instinct’s aim to a higher level, which permits people to make contributions to society and culture. Expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as art, music, and literature

A

Sublimation

50
Q

What are the four stages of life according to Freud

A

Infantile stage, latency, genital stage, and maturity

51
Q

This stage encompasses the first 4 to 5 years of life and is divided into three sub phases: oral, anal, and phallic

A

Infantile stage

52
Q

The infantile stage is divided into three sub phases

A

Oral, anal, and phallic

53
Q

During this phase, and infant is primarily motivated to receive pleasure through the mouth

A

The oral phase

54
Q

The oral phase is divided into two sub phases

A

The oral receptive phase when the aim is to receive the nipple. The oral sadistic. When infants respond to others through biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling, and crying

55
Q

When the anus emerges as a sexually pleasurable zone. This period I s characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function

A

The anal phase

56
Q

The anal phase is divided into two subphases

A

The early anal period where children receive satisfaction by destroying or losing objects. The late anal period where children sometimes take a friendly interest towards their feces

57
Q

People who continue to receive a Roddick satisfaction by keeping and possessing objects and by arranging them in an excessively neat and orderly fashion

A

Anal character

58
Q

Consists of orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy and occurs if the parents are to punitive during the anal phase

A

The anal triad

59
Q

At approximately three or four years of age children begin a third stage of infantile development, a time when the genital area becomes the leading erogenous zone

A

The phallic phase

60
Q

Boys and Girls Club going to have differing psychosexual development during the _____ phase

A

Phallic

61
Q

During the phallic phase, boys and girls experience the ______ _____ in which they have sexual feelings for one parent and hostile feelings for the other

A

Oedipus complex

62
Q

Feelings of ambivalence in a boy play a role in the evolution of the _____ complex

A

Castration

63
Q

The fear of losing the penis

A

Castration anxiety

64
Q

In males, the castration complex which formed after the Oedipus complex, breaks up the Oedipus complex and results in a well formed male ______

A

Superego

65
Q

For girls, the castration complex _______ the female Oedipus complex

A

Precedes

66
Q

For girls, the castration complex takes the form of

A

Penis envy, girls become envious of the mail appendage and feel cheated and desire to have a penis. Because the castration complex precedes the Oedipus complex in girls, this leads to a gradual and incomplete shattering of the female Oedipus complex and results in a weaker and more flexible female super ego

67
Q

During this period from about age 5 years until puberty, the sexual instinct is partially suppressed

A

Latency period. Brought about partly by parents his attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children

68
Q

This period begins with puberty when adolescents experience a reawakening of the sexual aim.

A

The genital period

69
Q

I stage attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner. Such people would have a balance among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their ID and super ego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desires and demands

A

Psychological maturity

70
Q

During the 1890s, Freud used an aggressive therapeutic technique in which he strongly suggested to patients that they had been sexually seduced his children. He later drop this technique and abandon his belief that most patients had been seduced during childhood. This was called

A

Seduction theory

71
Q

Patients are required to say whatever comes to mind, no matter how irrelevant or distasteful. Successful therapy rests on the patients transference of childhood sexual or aggressive feelings onto the therapist and away from symptom formation

A

Free association

72
Q

The strong sexual or aggressive feelings, positive or negative, that patients develop toward their analyst during the course of treatment. These feelings are not earned by the therapist and are merely transferred to her or him from the patients’ earlier experiences, usually with their parents

A

Transference

73
Q

Permits patients to more or less relive childhood experiences within the nonthreatening climate of the analytic treatment

A

Positive transference

74
Q

This kind of transference in the form of hostility must be recognized by the therapist and explained to patients so that they can overcome any resistance to treatment

A

Negative transference

75
Q

A variety of unconscious responses used by patients to block their own progress in therapy. It can be a positive sign because it indicates that therapy has advanced beyond superficial material

A

Resistance

76
Q

Freud used this therapeutic technique to transform the manifest content of dreams to the more important latent content

A

Dream analysis

77
Q

The surface meaning or the conscious description given by the dreamer

A

Manifest content

78
Q

Unconscious material in dreams

A

Latent content

79
Q

The basic assumption of Freud’s dream analysis is that nearly all dreams are:

A

Wish fulfillments

80
Q

Freud believed that dreams are formed in the unconscious but try to work their way into the conscious. They enter the conscious in a disguised form that can operate in two basic ways:

A

Condensation and displacement

81
Q

Refers to the fact that the manifest dream content is not as extensive as the latent level, indicating that the unconscious material has been abbreviated or condensed before appearing on the manifest level

A

Condensation

82
Q

Means that the dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely related to it

A

Displacement

83
Q

Condensation and displacement of content both take place through the use of

A

Symbols

84
Q

Every day slips of the tongue or pen, misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting names or intentions are not to chance accidents but reveal a persons unconscious intentions

A

Freudian slips or parapraxes

85
Q

Although Freudian theory has generated much research, it rates low on this facet of a good theory because most research findings can be explained by other theories

A

Falsifiability

86
Q

Freudian theory has inspired research in four areas

A

1) unconscious mental processing
2) pleasure and the ID: inhibition and the ego
3) the defense mechanisms
4) dreams

87
Q

In recent years, research has concluded that __% of human behaviors are unconsciously determined. Iceberg metaphor

A

95

88
Q

Some researchers have established that the pleasure-seeking drives have their neurological origins in two brain structures:

A

The brain stem and the limbic system

89
Q

Research has reported cases from the neuropsychological literature demonstrating _________ of information when damage occurs to the right hemisphere and if this damaged region becomes artificially stimulated the ______ goes away; that is, awareness returns

A

Repression

90
Q

On the six criteria of a useful theory, we rate psychoanalysis’ ability to generate research as

A

High

91
Q

On the six criteria of a useful theory, we rate psychoanalysis’ openness to falsification

A

Very low

92
Q

On the six criteria of a useful theory, we rate psychoanalysis’ ability to organize data

A

Average

93
Q

On the six criteria of a useful theory, we rate psychoanalysis’ ability to guide action and to be parsimonious

A

Average

94
Q

On the six criteria of a useful theory, we rate psychoanalysis’ internal consistency

A

Low because it lacks operational definitions

95
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Determinism versus free choice

A

Deterministic

96
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Pessimism versus optimism

A

Optimistic

97
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Causality versus teleology

A

Emphasized causality

98
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Conscious versus unconscious

A

Unconscious determinants over conscious processes

99
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Social versus biological influences

A

Biological

100
Q

Freud’s concept of humanity:

Uniqueness versus similarities

A

Take a middle position

101
Q

To Freud, mental life is divided into two levels:

A

The unconscious and the conscious

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