Chapter 8- Erikson: Post-Freudian Theory Flashcards
A turning point in one’s life that may either strengthen or weaken personality
Identity crisis
In what ways did Erickson differ from Freud?
He elaborated on psychosexual stages beyond childhood and placed more emphasis on both social and historical influences
Ericksons personality theory emphasized the ___ rather then ID functions.
Ego
According to Ericsson, ego is the center of personality and is responsible for unified sense of self. It consists of three interrelated facets:
The body ego, the ego ideal, and ego identity
According to Ericsson, this represents the image we have of ourselves in comparison with an established ideal; it is responsible for our being satisfied or dissatisfied not only with our physical self but with our entire personal identity
Ego ideal
According to Ericsson, this is the image we have ourselves in the variety of social roles we play
Ego identity
According to Ericsson this refers to experiences with our body; A way of seeing our physical self as different from other people
The body ego
According to Ericsson, although inborn capacities are important in personality development, The eagle emerges from and is largely shaped by:
Society. Child rearing practices 10 shape personalities that fit the needs and values of their culture
An illusion perpetrated and perpetuated by a particular society that it is somehow chosen to be the human species. A fictional notion that they are superior to other cultures.
pseudo-species
According to Ericsson, the ego develops according to a genetically established rate and in a fixed sequence, this is called the:
Epigenetic principle
According to Ericsson, in every stage of life there is an interaction of opposites, a conflict between a _______ (harmonious) element and a _______ (disruptive) element.
Syntonic, dystonic
The conflict between syntonic and dystonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength which Erickson referred to as a
Basic strength
According to Ericsson, two little basic strength that anyone stage results in a:
Core pathology
During each stage, but especially from adolescence forward, personality development is characterized by an ______ ______, which Erickson called a turning point, crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential where a person is especially susceptible to major modifications in identity, either positive or negative.
Identity crisis
Ericksons first psychosocial stage is ______, I. Encompassing approximately the first year of life and paralleling Freud’s oral phase of development
Infancy
Ericsson expanded Freud’s concept of the oral stage be on the mouth to include sensory organs such as the ______ and ____.
Eyes and ears
According to Ericsson, this is the psychosexual mode of infancy and is characterized by both receiving and accepting
Oral-sensory
The psychosocial crisis of infancy according to Ericsson is
Basic trust versus basic mistrust
From the crisis between basic trust and basic mistrust emerges the basic strength of infancy which is:
Hope
Infants who do not develop hope retreat from the world causing the core pathology of infancy which is called:
Withdrawal
Ericksons second psychosocial stage is a period paralleling Freud’s anal stage and encompassing approximately the second and third years of life, it is called:
Early childhood
Ericksons early childhood stage is similar to Freud’s anal stage but also includes mastery of other body functions such as ______, ______, and _______.
Walking, urinating, and holding
The psychosexual mode of Ericksons early childhood is:
Anal-urethral-muscular mode, a time where children learn to control their body, especially in relation to cleanliness and mobility. Children of this age behave both impulsively and compulsively
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Autonomy versus shame and doubt
The basic strength of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Will
The core pathology of Ericksons early childhood stage is:
Compulsion
Ericksons third stage of development is a period covering the same time as Freud’s phallic phase, roughly ages 3 to 5 years, it is called:
Play age
In Ericksons play age which parallels Freud’s phallic phase, Ericsson saw the _______ ______ as an early model of lifelong playfulness and a drama played out in children’s minds as they attempt to understand the basic facts of life.
Oedipus complex
The primary psychosexual mode of Ericksons play age is _____-_______, meaning that children have both an interest in genital activity and an increasing ability to move around
Genital-locomotor
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons play age is
Initiative versus guilt
The basic strength of Ericksons play age is
Purpose setting goals and having a direction
The core pathology of Ericksons play age is:
Inhibition
The period from about 6 to 12 or 13 years of age is a time of psychosocial growth beyond the family. Children can use their energies to learn the customs of their culture, including both formal and informal education. Erickson called the stage:
School age
Erickson agreed with Freud that school age is a period of psychosexual _____
Latency
The psychosocial crisis of Erickson’s school age is
Industry versus inferiority
From the conflict of industry and inferiority during Ericksons school-age emerges the basic strength of school age, which is:
Competence
The core pathology of Ericksons school age is:
Inertia
This is the period from puberty too young adulthood and is one of the most crucial developmental stages because, by the end of this period, a person must gain a firm sense of ego identity. Erickson called this stage:
Adolescence. A time of psychosexual growth and psychosocial latency
The psychosexual mode of Ericksons adolescence is:
Puberty or genital maturation
The psychosocial crisis of Ericksons adolescence is:
Identity versus identity confusion. Psychologically healthy individuals emerge from adolescence with a sense of who they are and what they believe.
The conflict between identity and identity confusion in adolescence produces faith in some ideological view of the future. Erickson calls this basic strength of adolescence:
Fidelity
The core pathology of adolescence is:
Role repudiation. An inability to bring together one’s various self images due to lack of belief in one’s own selfhood
This Erickson stage is a time from about age 19 to 30 that begins with the acquisition of intimacy and ends with the development of generativity
Young adulthood
The psychosexual mode of young adulthood according to Ericsson is _____ , which is expressed as a mutual trust between partners in a stable sexual relationship.
Genitality
The psychosocial crisis of young adulthood according to Ericsson is:
Intimacy versus isolation. Intimacy is the ability to fuse one’s identity with that of another without fear of losing it, whereas isolation is the fear of losing one’s identity in an intimate relationship.
The basic strength of Ericksons stage young adulthood that arises from the crisis between intimacy and isolation is the capacity to:
Love
The core pathology of young adulthood according to Ericsson is the inability to love, also called:
Exclusivity
This is the period from about 31 to 60 years of age, a time when people make significant contributions to society. Erickson called this stage:
Adulthood
According to Ericsson, the psychosexual mode of adulthood is the caring for one’s children, the children of others, and the material products of one society. Also called:
Procreativity
The psychosocial crisis of adulthood according to Ericsson is:
Generativity versus stagnation
The basic strength of adulthood according to Ericsson comes with a successful resolution of the crisis of generativity versus stagnation. It is:
Care. Taking care of the persons and products that one has learned to care for
The core pathology of adulthood according to Ericsson is
Rejectivity. The rejection of certain individuals or groups that one is unwilling to take care of
The eighth and final stage of development according to Ericsson goes from about age 60 until death and is called:
Old age
The psychosexual mode of old age according to Ericsson means taking pleasure in a variety of sensations and an appreciation of the traditional lifestyle of people of the other gender and is called:
Generalized sensuality
The psychosocial crisis of old age according to Ericsson is:
The struggle between integrity (the maintenance of ego identity) and despair (the surrender of hope)
The basic strength of old age according to Ericsson is:
Wisdom
The basic pathology of old age according to Ericsson is marked by feelings of being finished or helpless and is called:
Disdain
Ericsson relied mostly on these two methods of investigation to explain and describe human personality:
Anthropology and psychohistory
Ericksons two most important anthropological studies were of the:
Sioux of South Dakota and the Yurok tribe of Northern California. Both studies demonstrated his notion that culture and history help shape personality
Ericsson combined the methods of psychoanalysis and historical research, psychohistory, to study several personalities, most notably:
Gandhi and Martin Luther. In both cases, the central figure experienced an identity crisis that produced a basic strength rather than a core pathology
Ericsson stimulated quite a bit of empirical research, much of it on _____, ___ _____, and _______.
Adolescents, young adulthood, and adulthood
Research by Beyers and Seiffge-Krenke found that even in the new millennium, ego development in adolescence ______ predicts intimacy in young adulthood.
Strongly
To test Ericksons assumption that stagnation and generativity operate on opposite ends of the same continuum researchers wanted to test whether they can occur at the same time in the same person. They found:
The results of the study supported that stagnation and generativity should be considered independently because they do not predict mental health outcomes in the same way. They also found that there are individuals who are high on both generativity and stayed nation, such a personality is not healthy in terms of mental and emotional well-being. This research does not differ a great deal from Ericksons model
Ericksons theory rates high in 2 areas:
It’s ability to generate research, and on internal consistency
Erikson’s theory rates about average in four areas:
It’s ability to be falsified, to organize knowledge, it’s parsimony, and to guide the practitioner.
When it comes to the concept of humanity, Erickson rates high in 4 areas:
Optimism, causality, sociality, and uniqueness of individuals
When it comes to the concept of humanity, Erickson to committal view in 2 areas:
External forces versus free choice and conscious versus unconscious determinants
Erickson’s post-Freudian theory extended Freud’s infantile developmental stages into _____,______, and ___ ___.
Adolescence, adulthood, and old age
