Chapter 18- Rotter And Mischel: Cognitive Social Learning Theory

Question 1

Rotter takes this type of approach which believes that neither the environment itself nor the individual is completely responsible for behavior. Instead, he holds that people’s cognitions, past histories, and expectations of the future are keys to predicting behavior

Answer 1

Interactionist

Question 2

Michelle’s contributions to personality theory have evolved from research on this which is a reference to the observation that some people some of the time will prefer a more value delayed rewards over lesser valued immediate ones

Answer 2

Delay of gratification

Question 3

Rodders interactionist social learning theory is based on five basic hypotheses:

1) humans _____ with their meaningful environments- human behavior stems from the interaction of environmental and personal factors
2) human personality is ______- which suggests it can be changed or modified as long as people are capable of learning
3) personality has a _____ _____ - suggesting that personality has some basic stability
4) motivation is ____ directed- peoples expectations that their behaviors are advancing them toward goals
5) people are capable of _______ events-they are capable of changing their environments and their personalities

Answer 3

Interact, learned, basic unity, goal directed, anticipating events

Question 4

According to Rotter, this defines reinforcement as any action, condition, or event which affects the individuals movement toward a goal

Answer 4

The empirical Law of effect

Question 5

Rotter suggested for variables that must be analyzed in order to make accurate predictions in any specific situation:

Answer 5

Behavioral potential, expectancy, reinforcement value, and the psychological situation

Question 6

According to Rotter, this is the possibility that a particular response will occur at a given time and place in relation to its likely reinforcement

Answer 6

Behavior potential

Question 7

According to rotter, this refers to a person’s expectation that some specific reinforcement or set of reinforcements will occur in a given situation. A person’s confidence that a particular reinforcement will follow a specific behavior in a specific situation. Can be either general or specific, and the overall likelihood of success is a function of both generalized and specific expectancies

Answer 7

Expectancy

Question 8

These type of expectancies according to Rotter are learned through previous experiences with a particular response or similar responses and are based on the belief that certain behaviors will be followed by positive reinforcement

Answer 8

Generalized expectancies

Question 9

According to Rotter, this is the preference a person attaches to any reinforcement when the probabilities for the occurrence of a number of different reinforcements are all equal

Answer 9

Reinforcement value

Question 10

According to Rotter, this reinforcement is the individuals perception of an event

Answer 10

Internal reinforcement

Question 11

According to Rotter, this type of reinforcement refers to events, conditions, or actions on which one’s society or culture places a value

Answer 11

External reinforcement

Question 12

According to Rotter, these suggest that the value of an event is a function of one’s expectation that a particular reinforcement will lead to future reinforcements

Answer 12

Reinforcement-reinforcement sequences

Question 13

According to Rotter, this is the fourth variable in the prediction formula and is defined as that part of the external and internal world to which a person is responding. Behavior is a function of the interaction of people with their meaningful environment

Answer 13

The psychological situation

Question 14

According to Rotter, in any specific situation, behavior can be predicted by this, which states that the potential for a behavior to occur in a particular situation in relation to a given reinforcement is a function of peoples expectancy that their behavior will be followed by that reinforcement in that situation

Answer 14

The basic prediction formula.

The formula is read: the potential for behavior X to occur in situation 1 in relation to reinforcement a is a function of the expectancy that behavior X will be followed by reinforcement a in situation 1 and the value of reinforcement a in situation 1

Question 15

According to Rotter, to make more general predictions of behavior, one must know people’s ______ _______, or their expectations based on similar past experiences that a given behavior will be reinforced. They include people’s needs, that is, behaviors that move them toward a goal

Answer 15

Generalized expectancies

Question 16

Rotter defined these as any behavior or set of behaviors that people see as moving them in the direction of a goal. They are not states of deprivation or arousal but indicators of the direction of behavior

Answer 16

Needs

Question 17

Rotter listed six broad categories of ____, with each need being related to behaviors that lead to the same or similar reinforcements

Answer 17

Needs

Question 18

According to Rotter, this category of needs refers to the need to excel, to achieve, and to have others recognize one’s worth

Answer 18

Recognition-status

Question 19

According to Rotter, this category of needs is the need to control the behavior of others, to be in charge, or to gain power over others

Answer 19

Dominance

Question 20

According to Rotter, this category of needs is the need to be free from the domination of others

Answer 20

Independence

Question 21

According to Rotter, this category of needs is the need to have others take care of us and to protect us from harm

Answer 21

Protection-dependence

Question 22

According to Rotter, this category of needs are needs to be warmly accepted by others and to be held in friendly regard

Answer 22

Love and affection

Question 23

According to Rotter, this category of needs includes those behaviors aimed at securing food, good health, and physical security

Answer 23

Physical comfort

Question 24

According to Rotter, this need component is the possible occurrences of a set of functionally related behaviors directed toward the satisfaction of similar goals. It is analogous to behavior potential

Answer 24

Need potential

Question 25

According to Rotter, this need component is a persons overall expectation of being reinforced for performing those behaviors that are directed toward satisfying some general need. It is analogous to expectancy

Answer 25

Freedom of movement.

Question 26

According to Rotter, this need component is the extent to which people prefer one set of reinforcements to another. It is analogous to reinforcement value

Answer 26

Need value

Question 27

According to Rotter, this formula states that the need potential is a function of freedom of movement and need value

Answer 27

The general prediction formula

Question 28

Rotter’s two most famous scales for measuring generalized expectancies are:

Answer 28

The internal-external control scale and the interpersonal trust scale

Question 29

This scale for measuring generalized expectancies created by Rotter attempts to measure the degree to which people perceive a causal relationship between their own efforts and environmental consequences

Answer 29

The internal-external control scale

Question 30

This scale for measuring generalized expectancies created by Rotter measures the extent to which a person expects the word or promise of another person to be true

Answer 30

The interpersonal trust scale

Question 31

Rotter to find this as any persistent behavior that fails to move a person closer to a desired goal. It is usually the result of unrealistically high goals in combination with low ability to achieve them

Answer 31

Maladaptive behavior.

Maladjusted individuals are characterized by unrealistic goals, inappropriate behaviors, inadequate skills, or unreasonably low expectancies of being able to execute the behaviors necessary for positive reinforcement

Question 32

The goal of Rotter’s psychotherapy is to achieve harmony between a client’s _____ of ______ and ____ ______. The therapist is actively involved in trying to:

1) change the clients _____
2) eliminate the clients low expectancies for ______

Answer 32

Freedom of movement, need value

Goals, success

Question 33

According to Rotter, maladaptive behaviors follow from three categories of inappropriate goals:

Answer 33

1) conflict between goals
2) destructive goals
3) unrealistically high goals

Question 34

Rotter believed that therapy should try to eliminate patients’ low expectancies of success. People may have low freedom of movement for at least three reasons:

Answer 34

1) they may lack the skills or information needed to successfully strive toward their goals
2) faulty evaluation of the present situation
3) inadequate generalization. Patients often use failure in one situation as proof that they cannot be successful in other areas

In helping clients change low expectancies of success, Rotter uses a variety of approaches, including reinforcing positive behaviors, ignoring inappropriate behaviors, giving advice, modeling appropriate behaviors, and pointing out the long-range consequences of both positive and negative behaviors

Question 35

Michelle’s theory holds that behavior stems from relatively stable personal dispositions and cognitive-affective processes interacting with a particular situation. It can be called:

Answer 35

Cognitive-affective personality theory

Question 36

Michelle saw that people seem to intuitively believe that people’s behavior is relatively consistent, yet empirical evidence suggests much variability in behavior, a situation he called the:

Answer 36

Consistency paradox.
Michelle recognizes that some traits are consistent over time, but he contends that there is little evidence to suggest they are consistent from one situation to another

Question 37

Michelle believes that behavior is best predicted from an understanding of the _____, the _______, and the ________ between person and situation. Thus, behavior is not the result of some global personality trait, but rather of people’s perceptions of themselves in a particular situation

Answer 37

Person, situation, interaction

Question 38

Michelle proposed this system, that accounts for variability across situations as well as stability of behavior within a person. Apparent inconsistencies in a person’s behavior are due neither to random error nor solely to the situation. Rather, they are potentially predictable behaviors that reflect stable patterns of variation within a person. It predicts that a person’s behavior will change from situation to situation but in a meaningful manner

Answer 38

Cognitive-affective personality system

Question 39

Shoda and Michelle see stable patterns of variation in behavior in the following framework:

Answer 39

If A, then X; but if B, then Y

Question 40

According to Michelle a person’s pattern a variability is this, or their unique and stable pattern of behaving differently in different situations

Answer 40

Behavioral signature

Question 41

Mischel’s theoretical position for predicting and explaining behavior is stated in an __-___ framework.

Answer 41

If-then, it is stated as follows:
if personality is a stable system that processes information about the situation, then as people encounter different situations, they should behave differently as those situations vary

So even though people’s behavior may reflect some stability overtime, it tends to vary as situations vary

Question 42

According to Michelle, these include all those stimuli that people attend to in a given situation

Answer 42

Situation variables

Question 43

According to Michelle, these units include all those psychological, social, and physiological aspects of people that permit them to interact with their environment with some stability in their behavior

Answer 43

Cognitive-affective units

Question 44

According to Michelle, this cognitive-affective unit is people’s individualized matter of categorizing information they receive from external stimuli

Answer 44

Encoding strategies

Question 45

According to Michelle, this cognitive-affective unit is our beliefs in what we can do and how people control their own behavior through self-imposed goals and self-produced consequences

Answer 45

Competencies and self-regulatory strategies

The most important competency is intelligence, which Michelle argues is responsible for the apparent consistency of other traits

Question 46

According to Michelle, this cognitive-affective unit is peoples guesses about the consequences of each of the different behavioral possibilities

Answer 46

Expectancies and beliefs

Question 47

According to Michelle, this cognitive-affective unit states that people do not react passively to situations but are active and goal directed.

Answer 47

Subjective goals and values

Question 48

According to Michelle, this cognitive-affective unit includes emotions, feelings, and the affect that accompanies physiological reactions

Answer 48

Affective responses

Question 49

Research sparked by Rotter and Michelle’s theory on locus of control and holocaust heroes has found that personality variables can be used to predict who was a holocaust hero and who was a bystander. They found that internal locus of control was _______ related to more autonomy, risk-taking, sense of social responsibility, tolerance, empathy, and altruistic moral reasoning, and to less authoritarianism. A higher sense of internal control was associated with _______ in the study.

Answer 49

Positively, heroism

Question 50

Research sparked by Mischel’s person-situation interaction has found that the average person understand that people do not behave in the same manner in all situations; depending on their personality, people ______ behavior to match the situation

Answer 50

Adjust

Question 51

Research sparked by Michelle’s delay of gratification has found that those who can resist temptation in favor of long-term goals do so with the use of two broad strategies:

Answer 51

Redirection of attention or cognitive reframing

Question 52

Rotter and Michelle’s cognitive social learning theory rates high in 3 areas and average on the rest:

Answer 52

Rates high on generating research, parsimony, and internal consistency. Rates average on its ability to be falsified, to organize data, and to guide action

Question 53

Rotter and Michelle’s concept of humanity rates high in five areas, and on the dimension of optimism versus pessimism, Rotter’s view is slightly more optimistic, whereas Michels is about in the middle

Answer 53

Rates high on social influences, uniqueness of the individual, free choice, teleology, and conscious processes

Question 54

These two theorists believe that cognitive factors, more than immediate reinforcements, determine how people will react to environmental forces. Both theorists suggest that our expectations of future events are major determinants of performance

Answer 54

Rotter and Mischel’s cognitive social learning theory