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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 9: Hearing, Vestibular, Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Hearing, Vestibular, Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

Sound

A

Oscillation of increases and decreases in air pressure.

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2
Q

How is sound typically discussed?

A

As waves

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3
Q

Amplitude

A

Distance between the resting position and maximum height of the wave.

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4
Q

What is amplitude measured in?

A

Decibles (dB)

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5
Q

Frequency

A

The number of waves passing by a specific point per second.

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6
Q

What is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

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7
Q

Pure Tone

A

A single frequency

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8
Q

Most sounds are not…

A

pure tones

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9
Q

Fourier Analysis

A

Decomposes sound into its separate sine waves.

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10
Q

What type of force is sound?

A

Mechanical

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11
Q

What is used to detect sound?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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12
Q

Middle Ear

A

Controlled by stapedius and tensor tympani muscles.

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13
Q

How does the middle ear reduce effectiveness of sound?

A

Stiffening links of bone.

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14
Q

What is the middle ear important for?

A

Decreasing self-made sounds

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15
Q

Inner Hair Cell

A

Transduces the physical force into the neural signal.

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16
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

Has different sensitivities to different frequencies.

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17
Q

What does the stiff base of the basilar membrane respond better to?

A

High frequencies

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18
Q

What does the floppy apex of the basilar membrane respond better to?

A

Low frequencies

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19
Q

Inner Hair Cells (IHCs)

A

Responsible for perception of sound.

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20
Q

What % of the auditory fibers are from IHCs?

A

90-95%

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21
Q

Outer Hair Cells (OHC)

A

Help to fine-tune organ of Corti in response to messages from the brain.

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22
Q

Cochlear Amplifier

A

Amplify movements of basilar membrane in some areas while dampening in others.

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23
Q

Neurons Tuning Curve

A

Auditory neurons have a precise frequency they are most sensitive to, but also respond to nearby frequencies.

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24
Q

Where do binaural interactions occur?

A

The brainstem and superiors olivary nucleus

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25
Q

Tonotopic Organization

A

Organization of the auditory system.

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26
Q

What do the auditory systems try to analyze?

A
  1. Pitch
  2. Source of the sound
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27
Q

Place Theory

A

Encoded by area of basilar membrane with maximal excitation.

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28
Q

Volley Theory

A

Frequency encoded by firing frequency.

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29
Q

What type of frequency is the volley theory mainly used for?

A

Lower frequencies

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30
Q

Binaural Neurons

A

Serve as “coincidence detectors”

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31
Q

Lateral Superior Olive

A

Processes latency differences in mammals.

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32
Q

Medial Superior Olive

A

Processes latency differences but compares ENTIRE activity of MSO on left vs right.

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33
Q

External Ear

A

Provides spectral filtering and amplifies certain frequencies.

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34
Q

What are the 3 ossicles in the ear?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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35
Q

Auditory Cortex

A

Processes Complex Sounds

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36
Q

The auditory cortex is not involved in…

A

basic auditory discrimination (can be accomplished at lower levels)

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37
Q

Dorsal Stream

A

Focuses on localization

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38
Q

Ventral Stream

A

Analyzes components of sound.

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39
Q

What causes cells to shift their tuning curve?

A

Experience

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40
Q

What type of neurons have tuning curves?

A

Auditory cortical neurons

41
Q

What are the 3 kinds of deafness?

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Sensorineural
  3. Central
42
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

Problem in the outer/middle ear prevents the transmission of vibrations.

43
Q

Conduction deafness is not a _________ problem.

A

Nervous system

44
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

The auditory nerve is unable to become excited and conduct signals.

45
Q

What can cause sensorineural deafness?

A
  1. Genetic mutation
  2. Toxic drug
  3. Loud sounds (chronic exposure)
46
Q

What is damaged to cause sensorineural deafness?

A

Hair cells

47
Q

How can sensorineural deafness by treated?

A

cochlear implants (auditory nerve is still functional)

48
Q

Central Deafness

A

Something is wrong in the brain, causing deafness.

49
Q

What is an example of something that can cause central deafness?

A

A stroke - damages auditory cortex / MGN projections to the cortex

50
Q

Is central deafness complete or selective deafness?

A

Both

51
Q

Auditory Brainstem Implants (ABIs)

A

Bypass auditory nerve and directly stimulate the brainstem nuclei

52
Q

Vestibular Perception

A

Informs you about forces acting on the body (especially the head)

53
Q

What are the two major forces in the vestibular system?

A

Gravity and acceleration

54
Q

What is the vestibular system important for?

A

Balance and body/head position awareness

55
Q

What are the 3 components for awareness in space?

A
  1. Vestibular system
  2. Visual system
  3. Proprioceptive System
56
Q

What are the Semicircular Canals important for?

A

Detecting rotational forces

57
Q

What are the utricle and saccule important for?

A

Detecting linear forces (horizontal and vertical)

58
Q

Each canal is located along a different ___.

A

Axis

59
Q

Ampulla

A

Enlarged region of EACH semicircular canal

60
Q

Where is the ampulla located?

A

The junction of canal and utricle

61
Q

What do the hair cells in the ampulla respond to?

A

Precise kinds of mechanical rotational force (depends on orientation of hair cells)

62
Q

Utricle

A

Saclike structure at the ends of canals

63
Q

Saccule

A

Saclike structure below the utricle

64
Q

What do the utricle and saccule contain?

A

Otoliths that enhance sensitivity of receptors

65
Q

Lateral Line System

A

Array of receptors along the side of the body.

66
Q

What is the importance of the movements of water stimulate receptors?

A

Tells animals about current and nearby animals.

67
Q

What did the auditory system develop from?

A

Vestibular system

68
Q

What does the vestibular nucleus send signals to?

A
  1. Motor nuclei of eye
  2. Thalamus
  3. Cortex
69
Q

Vestibular Ocular Reflex

A

Enables you to precisely control the muscles of the eye even as you move your head. (keeps eyes focused on one thing).

70
Q

What happens after too much spinning of your body occurs?

A

Conflict between vestibular system and visual system feedback.

71
Q

Taste and smell is a form of…

A

chemo detection

72
Q

Flavors

A

taste and smell combined

73
Q

What is taste processed by?

A

The gustatory system

74
Q

How many taste receptor cells are on a taste bud?

A

50-100

75
Q

What are the 5 tastes?

A
  1. salty
  2. sweet
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
76
Q

Salty

A

Sodium transported across the cell membrane via channels - leads to depolarization

77
Q

Sour

A

Dependent on the acidity of a substance
- Hydrogen ions enter through channels and depolarize

78
Q

Sweet

A

Detected by the combination of two members of the T1R family (GPCRs)

79
Q

Bitter

A

Often evoked by toxic substances that want to be highly sensitive

80
Q

What kind of taste is poorly discriminated?

A

Bitter

81
Q

Umami

A

meaty and savory flavor

82
Q

What are the two receptor types of taste?

A
  1. Responds to glutamate (amino acids)
  2. Responds to most amino acids
83
Q

What are amino acids highly present in?

A

meat

84
Q

How many functional genes do humans have for odor receptors?

A

350

85
Q

What does sensitivity reflect?

A

Evolutionary needs

86
Q

What is the path of smell?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
    to
  2. The axons
    to
  3. The mitral cell
    to
  4. The brain
87
Q

Mitral Cells

A

Cells in the olfactory bulb

88
Q

Where do mitral cells send their axons?

A

Further into the brain

89
Q

What does olfactory information have to pass through to reach the cortex?

A

The thalamus

90
Q

How does olfactory transduction work?

A
  1. Odorant binds to GPCR, leading to G protein activation.
  2. The G protein activities cyclase, which produces cAMP
  3. cAMP binds to channels, opening them, leading to depolarization
91
Q

How many odors can humans discriminate?

A

5000 odors

92
Q

Vomeronasal System

A

Pheromone detection system in the nose of some animals

93
Q

What are the receptors in the vomeornasal system important for?

A

Organizing reproductive behavior

94
Q

Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs)

A

Important for detecting degree of relatedness to other animals.

95
Q

Where is MHC information sent?

A

To the accessory olfactory bulb, medial amygdala, and to the hypothalamus

96
Q

What do humans not appear to have?

A

A functional VNO (both receptor genes are nonfunctional)

97
Q

What does behavioral evidence suggest humans are sensitive to?

A

pheromones

98
Q

Pheromones and ___ ____ may not be so independent.

A

Olfactory systems

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (19 decks)

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