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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy Flashcards

The Cells and Structures of the Nervous System

1
Q

Neurons

A

The basic unit of the nervous system.

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2
Q

Gilal Cells

A

Non-neural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain,

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3
Q

Neuron Doctrine

A

The hypothesis that the brain is composed of cells that are distinct structurally, metabolically, and functionally.

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4
Q

Who proposed the Neuron Doctrine?

A

Ramon y Cajal

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5
Q

Synapses

A

The tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other.

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6
Q

Cell Body

A

The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus.

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

A cellular organelle that provides metabolic energy for the cells processes.

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8
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle (eukaryotic cells) that packages cellular materials into vesicles for transport.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Structures in the cell body where genetic info is translated to produce proteins.

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

An extension of the cell body that receives inputs from the synapses.

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10
Q

Input Zone

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

Integration Zone

A

Cell Body

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12
Q

Conduction Zone

A

Axon

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13
Q

Axon

A

Extension from the cell body that carries action potential to other neurons.

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14
Q

Axon Collaterals

A

A branch of an axon from a single neuron.

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15
Q

Output Zone

A

Axon terminals

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16
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Swellings at the end of an axon that transmit the neurons signals across the synapses to other cells.

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17
Q

Motor Neurons

A

A nerve cell in the brain/spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulating a muscle/gland.

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18
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

A neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment (light, odor, or touch).

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19
Q

Interneurons

A

A neuron that receives input from one and sends output to other neurons (short distances).

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20
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

A nerve cell that has many dendrites and a single axon.

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21
Q

Bipolar Neurons

A

A nerve cell that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other (cell body in middle).

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22
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

A nerve cell with a branch that leaves the cell body and then extends in two directions (receive info, and send info).

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23
Q

Arborization

A

The elaborate branching of the dendrites of some neurons.

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24
Q

Presynaptic

A

Region of a synapse that releases the neurotransmitter to a neuron.

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25
Q

Postsynaptic

A

Region of a synapse that receives and responds to neurotransmitter.

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26
Q

Presynaptic Membrane

A

Specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits info by releasing neurotransmitter.

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27
Q

Synaptic Celft

A

Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes.

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28
Q

Postsynaptic Membrane

A

Specialized membrane on the surface of a cell that receives info by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron.

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29
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Small spherical structure that contains neurotransmitters.

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30
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons.

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31
Q

Neurotransmitter Receptors

A

Specialized protein molecules that cover the postsynaptic membrane. They capture and react to molecules of the neurotransmitter.

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32
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment.

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33
Q

Axon Hillock

A

A cone shaped areas where the axon exits the cell body. The integration zone of the neuron.

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34
Q

Innervate

A

To provide neural input.

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35
Q

Histology

A

The scientific study or the composition of tissues.

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36
Q

Nissl Stains

A

A cell stain that reveals all cell bodies by staining RNA.

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37
Q

Golgi Stains

A

A cell stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dense, dark product.

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38
Q

Autoradiography

A

A histological technique that shows the distribution of radioactively labeled chemicals in tissues.

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39
Q

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

A

A technique in which labeled antibodies are used to visualize the histological distribution of specific proteins.

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40
Q

Tract Tracers

A

A compound used to identify the routes and interconnections of neurons.

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41
Q

Axonal Transport

A

The transportation of materials between the neuronal cell body and axon terminals.

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42
Q

Astrocyte

A

A star-shaped gilial cell with numerous processes that extend in all directions. Helps hold nerves in place and perform the way they should.

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43
Q

Micorgilal Cell

A

Very small gilal cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

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44
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

A gilal cell that forms myelin in the CNS.

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45
Q

Schwann Cells

A

A gilal cell that forms myelin in the peripheral NS.

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46
Q

Myelination

A

The process of ensheathing axons in myelin.

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47
Q

Myelin

A

The fatty insulation around an axon that speeds the conduction of action potentials.

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48
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

A gap between segments of myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed.

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49
Q

Edema

A

The swelling of tissue in the brain in response to injury.

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50
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

A disorder characterized by widespread degeneration of myelin.

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51
Q

Gross Neuroanatomy

A

Anatomical features of the NS that are apparent to the naked eye.

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52
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord.

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53
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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54
Q

Nerves

A

Collections of axons bundled together.

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55
Q

Motor Nerves

A

A nerve that conveys neural activity to muscle tissue and causes it to contract.

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56
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

A nerve that conveys sensory info from the periphery into the CNS.

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57
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of the peripheral NS that provides neural connections to muscles and conducts sensory info to the CNS.

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58
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Part of the peripheral NS that supplies neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs.

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59
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

A nerve that is connected directly to the brain.

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60
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

A nerve that emerges from the spinal cord.

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61
Q

Cranial Nerve 1

A

Olfactory: Smell

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62
Q

Cranial Nerve 2

A

Optic: Vision

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63
Q

Cranial Nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear: Inner Ear/ Hearing and Balance

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64
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal: Taste and mouth sensations

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65
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

A

Vagus: Information from internal organs

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66
Q

Ventral

A
  1. Toward the belly/front of the body
  2. Bottom of the brain
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67
Q

Dorsal

A
  1. Back of the body
  2. Top of the brain
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68
Q

Root

A

Branch of a spinal nerve that carries sensory info from the peripheral NS to the spinal cord.

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69
Q

Cervical

A

Topmost section of the spinal cord containing 8 segments in the neck region.

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70
Q

How many cervical segments are there in the spinal cord?

A

8

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71
Q

Thoracic

A

Second region of the spinal cord ranging from the neck to the chest

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72
Q

How many thoracic segments are there in the spinal cord?

A

12

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73
Q

Lumbar

A

Third section in the spinal cord making the lower back.

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74
Q

How many lumbar segments are there in the spinal cord?

A

5

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75
Q

Sacral

A

Fourth section of the spinal cord that makes up the pelvis.

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76
Q

How many sacral segments are there in the spinal cord?

A

5

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77
Q

Coccygeal / Coccyx

A

The bottom section of the spinal cord that makes the tailbone.

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78
Q

Autonomic Ganglia

A

Collections of nerve cell bodies that transmit sensory signals from the periphery to the integration centers in the central NS.

79
Q

Preganglionic

A

Neurons in the autonomic NS that innervate the ganglia.

80
Q

Postganglionic

A

Neurons in the autonomic NS that innervate the body

81
Q

Sympathetic Ganglia

A

Two chains of ganglia that run on each side of the spinal column. Part of the sympathetic NS.

81
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the autonomic NS that arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Prepares the body for action.

82
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Part of the autonomic NS that arises from the cranial nerves and sacral region of the spinal cord. Inhibits organs like the heart to create relaxation.

83
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic NS to accelerate activity.

84
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter produced and released in the parasympathetic NS to slow down activity.

85
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

A local network of sensory and motor neurons that regulates the functioning of the gut. Part of the CNS.

86
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Splits the body into two halves straight on.

87
Q

Coronal Plane

A

Splits the body into front and back.

88
Q

Horizontal Plane

A

Splits the body into top and bottom.

89
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

90
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side

91
Q

Ispilateral

A

On the same side

92
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side

93
Q

Superior

A

Above/top

94
Q

Inferior

A

Below/bottom

95
Q

Basal

A

Toward the bottom

96
Q

Anterior/rostral

A

Front

97
Q

Posterior/caudal

A

Back

98
Q

Proximal

A

Near a limb

99
Q

Distal

A

Far away from a limb.

100
Q

Dorsal

A
  1. toward the back of the body
  2. top of the brain
101
Q

Ventral

A
  1. Toward the front of the body
  2. bottom of the brain
102
Q

Afferent

A

Carries info INTO a region of interest.

103
Q

Efferent

A

Carries info AWAY from a region of interest.

104
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The two sides of the brain.

105
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outside layer of the brain consisting of dendrites, cell bodies, and axons.

106
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell body region (tissue is gray).

107
Q

White Matter

A

Axon Region (myelin).

108
Q

Gyri

A

A rigged or raised portion of a convoluted brain surface.

109
Q

Sulci

A

A furrow of a convoluted brain surface.

110
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Anterior portion of the brain that helps plan movement and high-level cognition.

111
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Top back part of the brain that receives sensory info from the body and participates in spatial cognition.

112
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Bottom section of brain that regulates all information related to the senses.

113
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Back lobe of brain that receives and processes information from the eyes.

114
Q

Sylvian Fissure

A

Division between the temporal lobe and frontal/parietal lobes.

115
Q

Central Sulcus

A

The division between the frontal and parietal lobes.

116
Q

Pre-central Gyrus

A

The strip of the frontal cortex in front of the central sulcus that is crucial for motor control.

117
Q

Post-central Gyrus

A

The strip of the parietal cortex behind the central sulcus that receives somatosensory info from the entire body.

118
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

The main band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres.

119
Q

Neural Tube

A

Groups of cells filled with fluid that create the future forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain during fetal development.

120
Q

Forebrain

A
  1. Telencephalon (Coretx, Basal Ganglia, and Limbic System)
  2. Diencephalon (Thalamus and Hypothalamus)
121
Q

Midbrain

A

Middle division of the brain.

122
Q

Hindbrain

A
  1. Metencephalon (Cerebellum and Pons)
  2. Myelencephalon (medulla)
123
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forebrain - Cortex, Basal Ganglia, and Limbic System

124
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain - Thalamus and Hypothalamus

125
Q

Metencephalon

A

Hindbrain - Cerebellum and Pons

126
Q

Cerebellum

A

Structure in the back of the brain that is involved in the central regulation of movement.

127
Q

Pons

A

Part of the brainstem connecting the midbrain to the medulla.

128
Q

Medulla

A

Back part of hindbrain that is continuous with the spinal cord.

129
Q

Brainstem

A

The midbrain, pons, and the medulla.

130
Q

Nuclei

A

A collection of neurons within the CNS.

131
Q

Tracts

A

A bundle of axons passing within the CNS.

132
Q

Pyramidal Cell

A

A large nerve cell that has a pyramid shaped cell body. Located in the cerebral cortex.

133
Q

Cortical Columns

A

A vertical column that makes the basic organization of the neocortex.

134
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A group of nuclei in the forebrain found deep within the cerebral hemisphere. Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and the substantia nigra.

135
Q

Caudate Nucleus

A

A nucleus in the basal ganglia named for its long extension/tail.

136
Q

Putamen

A

One of the basal ganglia.

137
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

One of the basal ganglia.

138
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

A group of pigmented neurons in the midbrain that provides dopaminergic projections to areas in the forebrain (basal ganglia).

139
Q

Limbic System

A

Group of basal nuclei that form a network to implicate emotions.

140
Q

Amygdala

A

Group of nuclei in the temporal love involved in emotion regulation, memory, and odor perception.

141
Q

Mammillary Bodies

A

Pair of nuclei that connect to the hippocampus and play a role in memory.

142
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure in the middle of the temporal lobe important for learning, memory, and spatial navigation.

143
Q

Fornix

A

A fiber tract that extends from the hippocampus to the mammillary body.

144
Q

Septal Nuclei

A

Collection of gray matter below the corpus callosum, important for reward and reinforcement in learning.

145
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Part of the limbic system that focuses on attention and cognitive functions.

146
Q

Olfactory Bulb

A

Front of brain that sits in the upper nasal passages to collect the sense of smell.

147
Q

Stria Terminalis

A

A limbic axonal pathway connecting the amygdala and hypothalamus. Motivated by behaviors such as sex and threats.

148
Q

Thalamus

A

Directs all sensory information to the correct regions of the cortex for processing.

149
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in many vital information such as hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, and sex.

150
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Gray matter structures of the top of the midbrain that receive visual info and are involved with visual attention.

151
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Gray matter strictures of the top of the midbrain that process sound info.

152
Q

Tegmentum

A

The main body of the midbrain.

153
Q

Red Nucleus

A

A brainstem structure related to motor control.

154
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Neuronal body of the midbrain involved in pain perception.

155
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area

A

Midbrain structure containing dopamine. Mediates the perception of reward.

156
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Extensive region of the brain stem involved in waking and motor control.

157
Q

Purkinje Cells

A

Large nerve cells in the cerebral cortex.

158
Q

Granule Cell

A

Small nerve cell.

159
Q

Parallel Fibers

A

An axon that follows along the outermost layer of the cerebral cortex.

160
Q

Connectome

A

A map that describes all the neural pathways and connections within the NS of an organism.

161
Q

Meninges

A

Three protective sheets of tissue (Dura mater, arachnoid, and pia matter) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

162
Q

Dura Mater

A

Outermost layer (tough) of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord.

163
Q

Arachnoid

A

Middle layer of the meninges (webby substance) that surround the brain and spinal cord.

164
Q

Cerebrospinal FLuid (CSF)

A

The fluid that fills the cerebral ventricles.

165
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

166
Q

Meningiomas

A

Several classes of noncancerous tumors that arise from the meninges.

167
Q

Ventricular System

A

A system of fluid-filled cavities inside the brain.

168
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

A shaped lateral portion of the ventricular system within each hemisphere of the brain.

169
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Highly vascular portion of the ventricles lining that secretes cerebrospinal fluid.

170
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricle into the fourth ventricle.

171
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

The passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord.

172
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

A ballooning of the ventricles which may occur when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked.

173
Q

Carotid Arteries

A

Major arteries that ascend both sides of the neck to the brain, supplying blood to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

174
Q

Middle Cerebral Arteries

A

Two large arteries that provide blood to most of the lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

175
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

A

Two large arteries that provide blood to posterior aspects of the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and brainstem.

176
Q

Vertebral Arteries

A

Arteries that climb the vertebrae, enter the base of the skull, and join together to form the basilar artery.

177
Q

Basilar Artery

A

An artery that supplies blood to the brainstem and to the posterior cerebral arteries.

178
Q

Stroke

A

Damage to a region of brain tissue that results from blockage or rupture to vessels that supply blood to that region.

179
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A

A temporary blood restriction to part of the brain that causes stroke-like symptoms that quickly resolve but serve as a warning for elevated stroke risk.

180
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Selective membrane between the blood and tissue of the brain that helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain.

181
Q

Glymphatic System

A

A lymphatic system in the brain that participates in the removal of wastes and the movement of nutrients and signaling compounds.

182
Q

Angiography

A

A brain imaging technique that provides detailed views of the cerebral blood vessels and aids in the diagnosis of vascular disease.

183
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CT/CAT)

A
  • Good image resolution
  • X rays move around head to build an image of brain structure
184
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A
  • GREAT image resolution
  • Magnetic energy to alter protein positions
  • Structural details in the brain
185
Q

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A
  • Good image resolution
  • Reflects diffusion of water molecules
  • Good for visualizing pathways
186
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A
  • Good imaging
  • Radioactive glucose injected into the blood to examine brain function (active areas take in glucose for energy).
187
Q

Functional MRI (fMRI)

A
  • Lower image resolution
  • Good temporal resolution
  • Measures oxygenated blood using signals to find active regions.
188
Q

Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)

A

A method for mapping brain activity using transcranial infrared light.

189
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Noninvasive
  • Stimulate certain areas of the brain
190
Q

Magnetoenecephalography (MEG)

A
  • Noninvasive
  • Measures magnetic fields produced by active neurons to identify active brain regions during a task.
  • VERY GOOD temporal resolution
  • Good image resolution when combined with MRI
191
Q

Lesions

A

A region of damage in a part of organ, such as the brain.

192
Q

Social Neuroscience

A

The study of brain activity as it relates to our interactions with others.

193
Q

Dyadic Functional MRI (dfMRI)

A

A form of MRI in which the brains of two socially interacting people are scanned simultaneously in a single scanner.

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (11 decks)

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